I. The Revolutions of 1848

1			1. Explain the origins of the revolutions of 1848. 2. Why were the forces of order able to crush the revolutionary regimes in 1848 and 1849?

II. The Politics of Nationalism

2			1. Why did nationalism develop into such a powerful force during the nineteenth century? In what ways did both governments and revolutionary groups use nationalism? 2. Considering the manner in which he rose to power, his domestic policies, and his foreign policies, evaluate the political style of Napoleon III. How does the liberal trend during the second half of his reign fit into this? 3. What forces and events led to the Crimean War? In what ways was this war significant? 4. Compare the roles of Cavour and Bismarck in the unification of their respective countries. 5. Explain the ways in which the Russian government attempted to modernize during the reign of Alexander II.

III. Nineteenth-Century Culture

3			1. In what ways did nineteenth-century culture differ from the culture of the eighteenth and seventeenth centuries? 2. Compare Romanticism and Realism. 3. Analyze the relationship of the Enlightenment and the Romantic movement in terms of Hegel's dialectic of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.