Choose the alternative that best completes the stem of each question.

1		The large group of individuals from which you select a smaller group to include in your experiment is the
			A)	sample.
			B)	population.
			C)	target group.
			D)	experimental group.
2		If each individual has an equal chance of being chosen for your experiment, then your sample is classified as
			A)	general.
			B)	stratified.
			C)	random.
			D)	biased.
3		According to the text, most experiments in psychology use a
			A)	nonrandom sample.
			B)	random sample.
			C)	general sample.
			D)	stratified sample.
4		Research comparing college students and nonstudents as research participants has found
			A)	that students and nonstudents do not differ at all.
			B)	that students and nonstudents are so different that students should not be used in research.
			C)	mixed results.
			D)	null results.
5		According to your text, studies conducted on the Internet typically us a(n) __________ sample.
			A)	systematic
			B)	stratified
			C)	random
			D)	nonrandom
6		According to Krantz and Dalal (2000), the validity of research conducted on the Internet can be established by
			A)	comparing the results from Internet studies with the results from conventional studies.
			B)	determining if Internet studies produce results that are consistent with theoretical predictions.
			C)	determining if the results of an Internet study can be replicated several times on the Internet.
			D)	all of the above
			E)	both a and b only
7		Research comparing the results from Internet and traditional attitude surveys leads to the conclusion that
			A)	Internet surveys that pay attention to sampling, reliability, and validity issues can produce results that parallel traditional surveys.
			B)	Internet surveys lack sufficient reliability and validity and should not be used.
			C)	Internet surveys are actually more reliable and valid than traditional surveys.
			D)	none of the above
8		According to your text, using rats from a single supplier for use in research results in a
			A)	confounded study.
			B)	random sample.
			C)	nonrandom sample.
			D)	economical sample.
9		The generality of your research results is affected by
			A)	how representative your sample is of the population.
			B)	how realistic your research setting is.
			C)	how your independent variables are manipulated.
			D)	all of the above
			E)	both a and b
10		According to the text, the highest level of generality will result from research using a
			A)	nonrandom sample.
			B)	true random sample.
			C)	strategy combining nonrandom and random sampling.
			D)	stratified sample.
11		If you want to apply your research results directly to a population, then it is especially crucial to use a
			A)	nonrandom sample.
			B)	subject pool.
			C)	random sample.
			D)	systematic sample.
12		According to the text, true random sampling is less of a concern in most psychological research because
			A)	we are not interested in generalizing our results.
			B)	nonrandom sampling is actually superior to random sampling when it comes to the generality of results.
			C)	we often directly apply our results to a population.
			D)	the goal of most psychological research is to make predictions from a theory to specific behavior.
13		Which of the following is not one of the APA ethical guidelines for use of human participants in research?
			A)	Participation in research must be voluntary.
			B)	Participants must have the right to decline participation at any time.
			C)	Participants cannot be paid for their service in research.
			D)	Participants must be informed of any aspects of the experiment that might effect their decision to participate.
14		Before you can run your research, an IRB reviews your research to make sure that
			A)	participants are treated according to accepted ethical standards.
			B)	you do not have any extraneous variables in your study that could confound your results.
			C)	your sample is truly random.
			D)	all of the above
15		According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (1975), we can have maximum confidence that volunteers tend to __________ than nonvolunteers.
			A)	be of higher intelligence
			B)	come from a higher social class
			C)	be more social
			D)	all of the above
16		Research shows that participants are more likely to volunteer for an experiment if
			A)	they are not offered any external rewards for participation.
			B)	they are interested in the topic being studied in the research.
			C)	the experiment is highly stressful.
			D)	none of the above
17		Horowitz (1969) conducted an experiment testing the impact of voluntary participation on attitude change. Based on his findings, we could conclude that
			A)	voluntary participation does not appear to be a major problem.
			B)	voluntary participation affects the results of an experiment only when the experiment involves high levels of stress or boredom.
			C)	volunteer and nonvolunteer participants react very differently to experimental manipulations.
			D)	nonvolunteer participants are less influenced by experimental manipulations than are volunteer participants.
18		According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (1975),
			A)	little can be done about the problem of voluntary participation affecting the outcome of research.
			B)	the impact of volunteerism can be reduced only if all your participants are female because most females volunteer for research anyway.
			C)	the impact of volunteerism can be reduced by using a power-assertive approach to recruitment.
			D)	none of the above
19		Which of the following is not an example of active deception?
			A)	making false promises to participants
			B)	making concealed observations of participants
			C)	misrepresenting the true purposes of research
			D)	using pseudoparticipants
20		According to Holmes (1976a), a negative side effect of using deception is
			A)	reduced internal validity of research.
			B)	that because participants have been duped by an experimenter, they may experience a loss of self-esteem.
			C)	that participants may actually bend over backward to please an experimenter in a subsequent study.
			D)	none of the above
21		After an experiment using deception, participants should be told of the deception and the reasons for it. This is known as
			A)	debriefing.
			B)	dehoaxing.
			C)	desensitizing.
			D)	deflating.
22		According to the text,
			A)	research using animal subjects is of little use because the results rarely generalize to humans.
			B)	the worth of research using animals should not be judged according to whether or not results generalize to humans.
			C)	although research using animal subjects can be used to answer some interesting basic questions, it cannot be used to develop models relevant to human behavior.
			D)	research using animal subjects is usually cruel and should be eliminated.
23		Which of the following is a good reason to consider using animals in research?
			A)	Some procedures can be used only on animal subjects.
			B)	You can exert greater control over experimental and living conditions with animals than you can with humans.
			C)	You need not worry about adhering to ethical guidelines when you use animal subjects.
			D)	both a and b
24		When considering whether research using animal subjects should be done, researchers must consider
			A)	the cost of the study to the animals weighed against its potential benefits.
			B)	the likelihood that the I-knew-it-all-along effect will occur.
			C)	only the importance of the potential contributions of the study.
			D)	only how the animals will be affected by the research.
25		According to the text, who should be on a committee to review proposals for animal research?
			A)	a veterinarian trained in laboratory animal science or medicine
			B)	a member of the public not affiliated with animal research or the sponsoring institution.
			C)	a practicing scientist who does animal research
			D)	all of the above
			E)	both a and b
26		Methods that substitute tissue cultures for whole organisms are called ____________ methods.
			A)	simulation
			B)	in vivo
			C)	in vitro
			D)	de novo