 Strategic Management: Strategic Managment Gregory G. Dess,
University of Texas at Dallas
G.T. Lumpkin,
University of Illinois--Chicago
Effective Strategic Leadership: Creating a Learning Organization and an Ethical Culture
References| 1. The sources for the Morrison Knudsen example include Johnson, S. S. 1995. Dithering. Forbes, May 22:45; O’Reilly, B. 1995. Agee in exile. Fortune, May 29:51–74; Rigdon, J. E. 1995. Morrison Knudsen’s loss estimates are widened: Acting chairman resigns. The Wall Street Journal, March 21:A4; Rigdon, J. E. 1995. William Agee will leave Morrison Knudsen. The Wall Street Journal, February 2:B1, B11; Stern, R. L. & Abelson, R. 1992. The imperial Agees. Forbes, June 8:88–92. We would like to thank Ms. Connie Bookholt for her input and assistance in the preparation of this example. The Morrison Knudsen example draws upon Picken, J. C. & Dess, G. G. 1997. Mission critical. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Professional Publishing.
2. Loeb, M. 1994. Where leaders come from. Fortune, September 19:241.
3. Charan, R. & Colvin, G. 1999. Why CEOs fail. Fortune, June 21:68–78.
4. These three activities and our discussion draw from Kotter, J. P. 1990. What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, 68(3):103–11; Pearson, A. E. 1990. Six basics for general managers. Harvard Business Review, 67(4):94–101; and Covey, S. R. 1996. Three roles of the leader in the new paradigm. In The Leader of the Future. Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. & Beckhard, R., eds. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass:149–60. Some of the discussion of each of the three leadership activity concepts draws on Dess, G. G. & Miller, A. 1993. Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill:320–25.
5. Day, C., Jr. & LaBarre, P. 1994. GE: Just your average everyday $60 billion family grocery store. Industry Week, May 2:13–18
6. Address by Mobil Corporation Chairman and CEO Lou Noto, Arthur D. Little Corporation Conference, June 30, 2000, Charleston, South Carolina.
7. The Merck example is drawn from Weber, J. 1996. Mr. Nice guy with a mission. Business Week, November 25:132–42.
8. Handy, C. 1995. Trust and the virtual organization. Harvard Business Review, 73:3: 40–50.
9. This section draws upon Dess, G. G. & Picken, J. C. 1999. Beyond productivity. New York: AMACON. The elements of the learning organization in this section are consistent with the work of Dorothy Leonard-Barton. See, for example, Leonard-Barton, D. 1992. The factory as a learning laboratory. Sloan Management Review, 11:23–38.
10. Senge, P. M. 1990. The leader’s new work: Building learning organizations. Sloan Management Review, 32(1):7–23.
11. Hammer, M. & Stanton, S. A. 1997. The power of reflection. Fortune, November 24:291–96.
12. Covey, S. R. 1989. The seven habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New York: Simon & Schuster.
13. Kets de Vries, M. F. R. 1998. Charisma in action: The transformational abilities of Virgin’s Richard Branson and ABB’s Percy Barnevik. Organizational Dynamics, Winter:13–14.
14. Melrose, K. 1995. Making the grass greener on your side: A CEO’s journey to leading by servicing. San Francisco: Barrett-Koehler.
15. Quinn, R. C., & Spreitzer, G. M. 1997. The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 25:37–49.
16. Helgesen, S. 1996. Leading from the grass roots. In Leader of the Future. Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M. & Beckhard, R., eds. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass:19–24.
17. Bowen, D. E. & Lawler, E. E. III. 1995. Empowering service employees. Sloan Management Review, 37:73–84.
18. Stack, J. 1992. The great game of business. New York: Doubleday/Currency.
19. Lubove, S. 1998. New age capitalist. Forbes, April 6:42–43.
20. Schafer, S. 1997. Battling a labor shortage? It’s all in your imagination. Inc., August: 24.
21. Meyer, P. 1998. So you want the president’s job . . . Business Horizons, January–February:2–8.
22. Hoppe, J. B. 1997. Is MBWA still alive? Measure (a Hewlett-Packard internal company publication), July–August:4–7, 27–28.
23. Goldberg, M. 1998. Cisco’s most important meal of the day. Fast Company, February–March: 56.
24. Imperato, G. 1998. Competitive intelligence: Get smart! Fast Company, May:268–79.
25. Novicki, C. 1998. The best brains in business. Fast Company, April:125.
26. The introductory discussion of benchmarking draws on Miller, A. 1998. Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill:142–43.
27. Port, O. & Smith, G. 1992. Beg, borrow–and benchmark. Business Week, November 30:74–75.
28. Main, J. 1992. How to steal the best ideas around. Fortune, October 19: 102–6.
29. Taylor, W. C. 1997. What happens after what comes next. Fast Company, December–January:84–85.
30. For insightful perspectives on escalation, refer to Brockner, J. 1992. The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action. Academy of Management Review, 17(1):39–61; and Staw, B. M. 1976. Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 16:27–44. The discussion of systemic, behavioral, and political barriers draws on Lorange, P. & Murphy, D. 1984. Considerations in implementing strategic control. Journal of Business Strategy, 5:27–35. In a similar vein, Noel M. Tichy has addressed three types of resistance to change in the context of General Electric: technical resistance, political resistance, and cultural resistance. See Tichy, N. M. 1993. Revolutionize your company. Fortune, December 13:114–18. Examples draw from O’Reilly, B. 1997. The secrets of America’s most admired corporations:New ideas and new products. Fortune, March 3:60–64; Tetenbaum, T. J. 1998. Shifting paradigms: From Newton to chaos. Organizational Dynamics 26(4):21–32; Mitchell, R. 1989. Masters of innovation. Business Week, April 10:58–63; Sternberg, R. J., O’Hara, L. A. & Lubert, T. I. 1997. Creativity as investment. California Management Review, 40(1):8–21; and Teitelbaum, R. 1997. How to harness gray matter. Fortune, June 9:168.
31. Sheff, D. 1996. Levis changes everything. Fast Company, June–July:65–74.
32. Isaacson, W. 1997. In search of the real Bill Gates. Time, January 13:44–57.
33. Baatz, E. B. 1993. Motorola’s secret weapon. Electronic Business, April:51–53.
34. Holt, J. W. 1996. Celebrate your mistakes. New York:McGraw-Hill.
35. Harari, O. 1997. Flood your organization with knowledge. Management Review, November:33–37.
36. This opening discussion draws upon Conley, J. H. 2000. Ethics in business. In Helms, M. M., ed. Encyclopedia of management. 4th ed. Farmington Hills, MI:Gale Group:281–85; Paine, L. S. 1994. Managing for organizational integrity. Harvard Business Review, 72(2):106–17; and Carlson, D. S. & Perrewe, P. L. 1995. Institutionalization of organizational ethics through transformational leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 14:829–38.
37. Kiger, P. J. 2001. Truth and consequences. Working Woman, May:57–61.
38. Carlson & Perrewe, op cit.
39. Wetalufer, S. 1999. Organizing for empowerment: An interview with AES’s Roger Sant and Dennis Bakke. Harvard Business Review, 77(1):110–26.
40. Paine, op. cit.
41. Dess & Miller, op cit.
42. Paine, op. cit
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