 Strategic Management: Strategic Managment Gregory G. Dess,
University of Texas at Dallas
G.T. Lumpkin,
University of Illinois--Chicago
Implementing Strategy: Achieving Effective Strategic Control
References| 1. Sources for the Bausch & Lomb example include Baranathan, J., DeGeorge, G. & Maremount, M. 1995. Blind ambition. Business Week, October 23:78–91; Maremount, M. 1995. Judgment day at Bausch & Lomb. Business Week, December 25:39; Maremount, M. 1994. Numbers game at Bausch & Lomb. Business Week, December 9:108–10; Thompson Financial Network. 2001. Bausch & Lomb earnings estimates. August 24; CNBC. 2001. Historical quote: Bausch & Lomb. www.cnbc.com. August 24. This example is drawn from Picken, J. C. & Dess, G. G. 1997. Out of (strategic) control. Organizational Dynamics, Summer:35–49.
2. Simons, R. 1995. Control in an age of empowerment. Harvard Business Review, 73:80–88. This chapter draws on this source in the discussion of informational control.
3. This imagery is suggested by Simons, op. cit.
4. This chapter draws upon Picken, J. C. & Dess, G. G. 1997. Mission critical. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Professional Publishing.
5. Argyris, C. 1977. Double loop learning in organizations. Harvard Business Review, 5:55:115–25.
6. Simons, op. cit.
7. Goold, M. & Quinn, J. B. 1990. The paradox of strategic controls. Strategic Management Journal, 11:43–57.
8. Quinn, J. B. 1980. Strategies for Change, Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
9. Mintzberg, H. 1987. Crafting strategy. Harvard Business Review, 65:66–75.
10. Weston, J. S. 1992. Soft stuff matters. Financial Executive, July–August:52–53.
11. This discussion of control systems draws upon Simons, op. cit.
12. For an interesting perspective on this issue and how a downturn in the economy can reduce the tendency toward "free agency" by managers and professionals, refer to Morris, B. 2001. White collar blues. Fortune, July 23:98–110.
13. Ouchi, W. 1981. Theory Z. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; Deal, T. E. & Kennedy, A. A. 1982. Corporate cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; Peters, T. J. & Waterman, R. H. 1982. In search of excellence. New York: Random House.
14. Collins, J. C. & Porras, J. I. 1994. Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies. New York: HarperBusiness.
15. Lee, J. & Miller, D. 1999. People matter: Commitment to employees, strategy, and performance in Korean firms. Strategic Management Journal, 6:579–94.
16. For a discussion of how professionals inculcate values, refer to Uhl-Bien, M. & Graen, G. B. 1998. Individual self-management: Analysis of professionals’ self-managing activities in functional and cross-functional work teams. Academy of Management Journal, 41(3):340–50.
17. A perspective on how antisocial behavior can erode a firm’s culture can be found in Robinson, S. L. & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. 1998. Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6):658–72.
18. Mitchell, R. 1989. Masters of innovation. Business Week, April 10:58–63.
19. Sellers, P. 1993. Companies that serve you best. Fortune, May 31:88.
20. Southwest Airlines Culture Committee. 1993. Luv Lines (company publication), March–April: 17–18.
21. For an interesting perspective on the "downside" of strong "cultlike" organizational cultures, refer to Arnott, D. A. 2000. Corporate cults. New York: AMACOM.
22. Byrne, J. A., Symonds, W. C. & Silar, J. F. 1991. CEO disease: Egotism can breed corporate disaster—and the malady is spreading. Business Week, April 1:54.
23. Zellner, W., Hof, R. D., Brandt, R., Baker, S. & Greising, D. 1995. Go-go goliaths. Business Week, February 13:64–70.
24. Ibid.
25. Kerr, J. & Slocum, J. W., Jr. 1987. Managing corporate culture through reward systems. Academy of Management Executive, 1(2):99–107.
26. For a unique perspective on leader challenges in managing wealthy professionals, refer to Wetlaufer, S. 2000. Who wants to manage a millionaire. Harvard Business Review, 78(4):53–60.
27. These next two subsections draw upon Dess, G. G. & Picken, J. C. 1997. Beyond productivity. New York: AMACOM.
28. For a discussion of a study linking skill-based pay to performance, read Gerhart, B. 1998. An empirical analysis of a skill-based program and plant performance outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1):68–78.
29. For a discussion of the benefits of stock options as executive compensation, refer to Hall, B. J. 2000. What you need to know about stock options. Harvard Business Review, 78(2):121–29.
30. Baum, G. 1998. Cisco’s CEO: John Chambers. Forbes ASAP, February 23:52, 80.
31. Tully, S. 1993. Your paycheck gets exciting. Fortune, November 13:89.
32. For a recent discussion linking pay to performance, refer to Rappaport, A. 1999. New thinking on how to link pay to performance. Harvard Business Review, 77(2):91–105.
33. Zellner et. al., op. cit.
34. This section draws on Dess & Picken, op. cit., chap. 5.
35. Simons, op. cit.
36. Davis, E. 1997. Interview: Norman Augustine. Management Review, November: 11.
37. This section draws upon Dess, G. G. & Miller, A. 1993. Strategic management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
38. For a good review of the goal setting literature, refer to Locke, E. A. & Latham, G. P. 1990. A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
39. For an interesting perspective on the use of rules and regulations that is counter to this industry’s (software) norms, refer to Fryer, B. 2001. Tom Siebel of Siebel Systems: High tech the old fashioned way. Harvard Business Review, 79(3):118–30.
40. Thompson, A. A., Jr. & Strickland, A. J. III. 1998. Strategic management: Concepts and cases. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill:313.
41. Ibid.
42. Teitelbaum, R. 1997. Tough guys finish last. Fortune, July 21:82–84.
43. Weaver, G. R., Trevino, L. K. & Cochran, P. L. 1999. Corporate ethics programs as control systems: Influences of executive commitment and environmental factors. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1):41–57.
44. Cadbury, S. A. 1987. Ethical managers make their own rules. Harvard Business Review, 65:3, 69–73.
45. Haas, R. D. 1994. Ethics—A global business challenge. Vital Speeches of the Day, June 1: 506–9.
46. Lau, G. 1998. Mr. nice guy, inc. Forbes, February 9:54–55.
47. This discussion of generic strategies and their relationship to organizational control draws upon Porter, M. E. 1980. Competitive strategy. New York: Free Press; and Miller, D. 1988. Relating Porter’s business strategies to environment and structure: Analysis and performance implications. Academy of Management Journal, 31 (2):280–308.
48. Rodengen, J. L. 1997. The legend of Nucor Corporation. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises.
49. The 3M example draws upon Blueprints for service quality. 1994. New York: American Management Association; personal communication with Katerine Hagmeier, program manager, external communications, 3M Corporation, March 26, 1998; Lei, D., Slocum, J. W. & Pitts, R. A. 1999. Designing organizations for competitive advantage: The power of unlearning and learning. Organizational Dynamics, 27(3): 24–38; and Graham, A. B. & Pizzo, V. G. 1996. A question of balance: Case studies in strategic knowledge management. European Management Journal, 14(4):338–46.
50. The Sharp Corporation and Tyco International examples are based on Collis, D. J. & Montgomery, C. A. 1998. Creating corporate advantage. Harvard Business Review, 76(3):70–83
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