This summary is organized around the questions found at the beginning of the chapter. See if you can answer them before reading the summary paragraphs.

1. What are the different types of credibility, and why is credibility so important?

Credibility refers to the perception that a speaker is knowledgeable, believable, and trustworthy. Credibility helps to determine the success of a speech and establish the respect and acceptance the audience shows the speaker. There are three different types of credibility. Initial credibility comes from a speaker's reputation and occurs even before the speech starts. A well-known speaker or a noted expert in a field will bring more initial credibility to a speech than someone who is unknown to the audience. Derived credibility is created by the content and delivery of the speech. Ideas that are organized and well supported with convincing evidence will enhance derived credibility as will a delivery that is practiced and engaging. Enduring credibility is the impression a speaker leaves with the audience. If the audience has an enduring feeling of trust after the speech, they are more likely to believe the speaker and do what he or she has asked.

2. What are the types of informative speeches?

The goal of an informative speech is to convey knowledge. Descriptive informative speeches provide details of an object or concept. An effective speech of description uses vivid language that creates a mental picture for the audience. Speeches that demonstrate show the audience how to do something. Demonstration speeches usually include more than verbal descriptions and perform some action for the audience, such as showing how to fly-fish. Explanatory speeches teach about or clarify an event or concept. Speeches of explanation are verbal descriptions of processes such as writing a résumé. Finally, speeches that narrate use an extended story to make a statement or clarify a concept.

3. What are some of the most common occasions at which you might be asked to speak?

Speeches of introduction precede many public speeches and should facilitate the main speaker's goals by establishing the mood and purpose of the occasion. A speech of introduction should integrate the speaker, topic, and audience. An acceptance speech occurs when the speaker receives an award, gift, or honor. An acceptance speech should acknowledge those who sponsor the award, honor the occasion, and express appreciation for the honor. Speeches of tribute, such as toasts and eulogies, highlight the accomplishments of another person. After-dinner speeches are just that-speeches after an audience has eaten a meal. After-dinner speeches are often entertaining or at least enlighten the audience in an amusing way. Good after-dinner speeches use appropriate humor to make an inspirational point. Finally, speeches of inspiration attempt to motivate listeners and arouse their passions. Good inspirational speeches include a connection to the audience and an enthusiastic speaking style.

4. What are the obligations of a responsible person speaking well?

Speakers have an obligation to live the values they speak about. Sincerity is a key component of credibility and audiences often label an insincere speaker as a hypocrite. Many of the special-occasion speeches discussed in this chapter focus on helping others. A responsible speaker should pay tribute to the accomplishments of others and try to inspire audiences to better themselves.