Medical Glossary A-F (See related pages) 103 X lens   A magnifying lens in the ocular of a microscope that magnifies an image ten times. (45*) 24-hour urine specimen   A urine specimen collected over a 24-hour period and used to complete a quantitative and qualitative analysis of one or more substances, such as sodium, chloride, and calcium. (47) AAMA   See American Association of Medical Assistants. abandonment   A situation in which a health-care professional stops caring for a patient without arranging for care by an equally qualified substitute. (5) ABA number   A fraction appearing in the upper-right corner of all printed checks that identifies the geographic area and specific bank on which the check is drawn. (21) abduction   Movement away from the body. (25) ABHES   See Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools. abscess   A collection of pus (white blood cells, bacteria, and dead skin cells) that forms as a result of infection. (44) absorption   The process by which one substance is absorbed, or taken in and incorporated, into another, as when the body converts food or drugs into a form it can use. (51) abuse   A practice or behavior that is not indicative of or in line with sound medical or fiscal activity. (5) access   The way patients enter and exit a medical office. (7) accessibility   The ease with which people can move into and out of a space. (9) accommodation   The ability of the lens to change shape, allowing the eye to focus images of objects that are near or far away. (35) accounts payable   Money owed by a business; the practice's expenses. (20) accounts receivable   Income or money owed to a business. (20) accreditation   The documentation of official authorization or approval of a program. (1) Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools(ABHES)   An accrediting body that accredits private postsecondary institutions and programs that prepare individuals for entry into the medical assisting profession. (1) acetabulum   The hip socket. (24) acetylcholine   A neurotransmitter released by the parasympathetic nerves onto organs and glands for resting and digesting. (25) acetylcholinesterase   An enzyme within the nervous system that hydrolyzes acetylcholine to acetate and choline. (25) acid-fast stain   A staining procedure for identifying bacteria that have a waxy cell wall. (46) acids   Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water. (22) acinar cells   Cells in the pancreas that produce pancreatic juice. (33) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)   The most advanced stage of HIV infection; it severely weakens the body's immune system. (46) acromegaly   A disorder in which too much growth hormone is produced in adults. (34) acrosome   An enzyme-filled sac covering the head of a sperm that aids in the penetration of the egg during fertilization. (32) ACTH   See adrenocorticotropic hormone. action potential   The flow of electrical current along the axon membrane. (30) active file   A file used on a consistent basis. (15) active listening   Part of two-way communication, such as offering feedback or asking questions; contrast with passive listening. (4) active transport   The movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. (22) acupressure   Pressure applied by hands to various areas of the body to restore balance in the body's energy flow. acupuncture   The practice of inserting needles into various areas of the body to restore balance in the body's energy flow. acupuncturist   A practitioner of acupuncture. The acupuncturist uses hollow needles inserted into the patient's skin to treat pain, discomfort, or systemic imbalances. (2) acute   Having a rapid onset and progress, as acute appendicitis. (18) ADA   See Americans with Disabilities Act. addiction   A physical or psychological dependence on a substance, usually involving a pattern of behavior that includes obsessive or compulsive preoccupation with the substance and the security of its supply, as well as a high rate of relapse after withdrawal. (36, 40) Addison's disease   A condition in which the adrenal glands fail to produce enough corticosteroids. (34) add-on code   A code indicating procedures that are usually carried out in addition to another procedure. Add-on codes are used together with the primary code. (19) adduction   Movement toward the body. (25) adenoids   See p haryngeal tonsils. (33) ADH   See antidiuretic hormone. adjustment   Manual treatments given by a chiropractor that move the joints of the spine and other joints into proper alignment. (18, 44) administer   To give a drug directly by injection, by mouth, or by any other route that introduces the drug into the body. (51) adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)   Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones. (34) advance scheduling   Booking an appointment several weeks or even months in advance. (16) AED   See automated external defibrillator. aerobes   Bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen. (46) aerobic respiration   A process that requires large amounts of oxygen and uses glucose to make ATP. (25) afebrile   Having a body temperature within one's normal range. (37) afferent arterioles   Structures that deliver blood to the glomeruli of the kidneys. (31) afferent nerves   A type of sensory nerves that are responsible for detecting sensory information from the environment or even from inside the body and bringing it to the CNS for interpretation. (30) affiliation agreement   An agreement that applied training participants must sign that states the expectations of the facility and the expectations of the student. (58) agar   A gelatin-like substance derived from seaweed that gives a culture medium its semisolid consistency. (46) age analysis   The process of clarifying and reviewing past due accounts by age from the first date of billing. (20) agenda   The list of topics discussed or presented at a meeting, in order of presentation. (56) agent   (legal) A person who acts on a physician's behalf while performing professional tasks; (clinical) an active principal or entity that produces a certain effect, for example, an infectious agent. (3) agglutination   The clumping of red blood cells following a blood transfusion. (27) aggressive   Imposing one's position on others or trying to manipulate them. (4) agonist   See antagonist. (25) agranular leukocyte   A type of leukocyte (white blood cell) with a solid nucleus and clear cytoplasm; includes lymphocytes and monocytes. (27) agranulocyte   See agranular leukocyte. (27) AIDS   See Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. albumins   The smallest of the plasma proteins. Albumins are important for pulling water into the bloodstream to help maintain blood pressure. (27) alcohol-based hand disinfectants(AHD)   Gels, foams, or liquids with an alcohol content of 60–95% that are used for hand disinfection. (6) aldosterone   A hormone produced in the adrenal glands that acts on the kidney. It causes the body to retain sodium and excrete potassium. Its role is to maintain blood volume and pressure. (32) alimentary canal   The organs of the digestive system that extend from the mouth to the anus. (33) allele   Any one of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome. (22) allergen   An antigen that induces an allergic reaction. (28) allergic rhinitis   A hypersensitivity reaction to various airborne allergens. (29) allergist   A specialist who diagnoses and treats physical reactions to substances including mold, dust, fur, pollen, foods, drugs, and chemicals. (2) allopathy   The usual medical practice of physicians and other health professionals; also known as conventional medicine. allowed charge   The amount that is the most the payer will pay any provider for each procedure or service. (17) alopecia   The clinical term for baldness. (23) alphabetic filing system   A filing system in which the files are arranged in alphabetic order, with the patient's last name first, followed by the first name and middle initial. (15) Alphabetic Index   One of two ways diagnoses are listed in the ICD-9-CM. They appear in alphabetic order with their corresponding diagnosis codes. (18) alternative medicine   The type of medicine used in place of conventional medicine to promote health and treat disease. alveolar glands   Glands that make milk under the influence of the hormone prolactin. (32) alveoli   Clusters of air sacs in which the exchange of gases between air and blood takes place; located in the lungs. (29) amblyopia   Poor vision in one eye without a detectable cause. (35) amenorrhea   Absence or abnormal cessation of the menses. (39) American Association of Medical Assistants(AAMA)   The professional organization that certifies medical assistants and works to maintain professional standards in the medical assisting profession. (1) American Medical Technologists (AMT)   The registering organization for medical assistants that provides online continuing education, certification information, and member news. (1) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)   U.S. civil rights act forbidding discrimination against people because of a physical or mental handicap. (7) amino acids   Natural organic compounds found in plant and animal foods and used by the body to create protein. (55) amnion   The innermost membrane enveloping the embryo and containing amniotic fluid. (32) AMT   See American Medical Technologists. anabolism   The stage of metabolism in which substances such as nutrients are changed into more complex substances and used to build body tissues. (55) anaerobe   bacterium that grows best in the absence of oxygen. (46) anal canal   The last few centimeters of the rectum. (33) anaphase   The period of mitosis when the centromeres divide and pull the chromosomes (formerly chromatids) toward the centrioles at opposite sides of the cell. (22) anaphylactic shock   A severe, often fatal form of shock characterized by smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilation initiated by cytotropic (IgE class) antibodies. (2) anaphylaxis   A severe allergic reaction with symptoms that include respiratory distress, difficulty in swallowing, pallor, and a drastic drop in blood pressure that can lead to circulatory collapse. (28) anatomical position   When the body is standing upright and facing forward with the arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward. (22) anatomy   The scientific term for the study of body structure. (22) anemia   A condition characterized by low red blood cell count. This condition decreases the ability to transport oxygen throughout the body. (27) anergic reaction   A lack of response to skin testing that indicates the body's inability to mount a normal response to invasion by a pathogen. anesthesia   A loss of sensation, particularly the feeling of pain. (44) anesthetic   A medication that causes anesthesia. (44) anesthetist   A specialist who uses medications to cause patients to lose sensation or feeling during surgery. (2) aneurysm   A serious and potentially life-threatening bulge in the wall of a blood vessel. (27) angiography   An x-ray examination of a blood vessel, performed after the injection of a contrast medium, that evaluates the function and structure of one or more arteries or veins. (42) annotate   To underline or highlight key points of a document or to write reminders, make comments, and suggest actions in the margins. (10) anorexia nervosa   An eating disorder in which people starve themselves because they fear that if they lose control of eating they will become grossly overweight. (55) ANS   See autonomic nervous system. antagonist   A muscle that produces the opposite movement of the prime mover. (25) antecubital space   The inner side or bend of the elbow; the site at which the brachial artery is felt or heard when a pulse or blood pressure is taken. (37) anterior   Anatomical term meaning toward the front of the body; also called ventral. (22) anthracosis   Chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of coal deposits; also known as Black Lung Disease. (29) antibodies   Highly specific proteins that attach themselves to foreign substances in an initial step in destroying such substances, as part of the body's defenses. (28) antibody-mediated response   The part of our body's immune response that occurs when B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells, which make antibodies that attach to antigens. (28) anticoagulants   Substances that prevent clotting. (48) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)   A hormone that increases water reabsorption, which decreases urine production and helps to maintain blood pressure. (34) antigen   A foreign substance that stimulates white blood cells to create antibodies when it enters the body. (28) antihistamines   Medications used to treat allergies. (28) antimicrobial   An agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth. (46) antioxidants   Chemical agents that fight cell-destroying chemical substances called free radicals. (55) antiseptic   A cleaning product used on human tissue as an antiinfection agent. (9) antivirus software   Software that prevents and removes computer viruses. Such programs may also detect and remove adware and spyware. (8) anuria   The absence of urine production. (47) aortic semilunar valve   Heart valve that is a semilunar valve and that is situated between the left ventricle and the aorta. (26) apex   The left lower corner of the heart, where the strongest heart sounds can be heard. (37) apical   Located at the apex of the heart. (37) apnea   The absence of respiration. (37) apocrine gland   A type of sweat gland. It produces a thicker type of sweat than other sweat glands and contains more proteins. (23) aponeurosis   A tough, sheet-like structure that is made of fibrous connective tissue. It typically attaches muscles to other muscles. (25) appendicitis   Inflammation of the appendix. (33) appendicular   The division of the skeletal system that consists of the bones of the arms, legs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle. (24) applied training   An opportunity to work within a medical facility to gain the essential on-the-job experience for beginning your new career, sometimes known as an externship or practicum. (58) applied training coordinator   A professional who procures applied training sites and qualifies or assesses them to make certain that they provide a thorough educational experience. May also be known as a clinical coordinator. (58) approximate   To bring the edges of a wound together so the tissue surfaces are close in order to protect the area from further contamination and to minimize scar and scab formation. (44) aqueous humor   A liquid produced by the eye's ciliary body that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. (35) arbitration   A process in which opposing sides choose a person or persons outside the court system, often someone with special knowledge in the field, to hear and decide a dispute. (5) areflexia   The absence of reflexes. (30) areola   The pigmented area that surrounds the nipple. (32) aromatherapy   The use of essential oil extracts or essences from flowers, herbs, and trees to promote health and well-being. arrector pili   Muscles attached to most hair follicles and found in the dermis. (23) arrhythmia   Irregularity in heart rhythm. (26) arterial blood gases   A test that measures the amount of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, dissolved in arterial blood. arthritis   A general term meaning joint inflammation. (24) arthrography   A radiologic procedure performed by a radiologist, who uses a contrast medium and fluoroscopy to help diagnose abnormalities or injuries in the cartilage, tendons, or ligaments of the joints—usually the knee or shoulder. (50) arthroscopy   A procedure in which an orthopedist examines a joint, usually the knee or shoulder, with a tubular instrument called an arthroscope; also used to guide surgical procedures. (42) articular cartilage   The cartilage that covers the epiphysis of long bones. (24) articulations   The area where bones are joined together; joints. (24) artifact   Any irrelevant object or mark observed when examining specimens or graphic records that is not related to the object being examined; for example, a foreign object visible through a microscope or an erroneous mark on an ECG strip. (45) asbestosis   Chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. (29) ascending colon   The segment of the large intestine that runs up the right side of the abdominal cavity. (33) ascending tracts   The tracts of the spinal cord that carry sensory information to the brain. (30) asepsis   The condition in which pathogens are absent or controlled. (6) assault   The open threat of bodily harm to another. (5) assertive   Being firm and standing up for oneself while showing respect for others. (4) asset   An item owned by the practice that has a dollar value, such as the medical practice building, office equipment, or accounts receivable. (21) assignment of benefits   An authorization for an insurance carrier to pay a physician or practice directly. (17) asthma   A condition in which the tubes of the bronchial tree become obstructed due to inflammation. (29) astigmatism   A condition in which the cornea has an abnormal shape, which causes blurred images during near or distant vision. (43) astrocytes   Star-shaped cells within the nervous system that anchor blood vessels to the nerve cells. (30) atelectasis   The collapse of a lung because of fluid, air, pus, or blood. (29) atherosclerosis   The accumulation of fatty deposits along the inner walls of arteries. (26) atlas   The first cervical vertebra. (24) atoms   The simplest units of all matter. (22) atria   Chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and circulate it to the ventricles. (26) atrial natriuretic peptide   A hormone secreted by the heart that regulates blood pressure. (28) atrioventricular bundle   A structure that is located between the ventricles of the heart and that sends the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers. (26) atrioventricular node   A node that is located between the atria of the heart. After the electrical impulse reaches the atrioventricular node, the atria contract and the impulse is sent to the ventricles. (26) atrioventricular septum   The wall separating the upper atrial chambers from the lower ventricular chambers of the heart. (26) attitude   A disposition to act in a certain way. (3) audiologist   A healthcare specialist who focuses on evaluating and correcting hearing problems. (43) audiometer   An electronic device that measures hearing acuity by producing sounds in specific frequencies and intensities. (43) audit   To examine and review a group of patient records for completeness and accuracy—particularly as related to their ability to back up the charges sent to health insurance carriers for reimbursement. (11) auricle   The outside part of the ear, made of cartilage and covered with skin. (35) auscultated blood pressure   Blood pressure as measured by listening with a stethoscope. (37) auscultation   The process of listening to body sounds. (38) autoclave   A device that uses pressurized steam to sterilize instruments and equipment. (45) autoimmune disease   Any condition in which the body attacks its own antigens, causing illness to the patient. (28) automated external defibrillator(AED)   A computerized defibrillator programmed to recognize lethal heart rhythms and deliver an electrical shock to restore a normal rhythm. (57) automated voice response unit   Automated answering unit with a recorded voice that offers the caller various options for routing the call. (13) automatic puncturing devices   A type of lancet that is spring loaded, is self contained, and has a mechanically controlled skin puncture depth. (48) autonomic   A division of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to viscera such as the heart, stomach, intestines, glands, blood vessels, and bladder. (30) autonomic nervous system(ANS)   A system that is in charge of the body's automatic functions, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. (30) autopsy   The examination of a cadaver to determine or confirm the cause of death. (2) autosome   A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. (22) axial   The division of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. (24) axilla   Armpit; one of the four locations for temperature readings. (37) axis   The second vertebra of the neck on which the head turns. (24) axon   A type of nerve fiber that is typically long and branches far from the cell body. Its function is to send information away from the cell body. (30) Ayurveda   A form of medicine, originated in India, that uses herbal preparations, dietary changes, exercises, and meditation to restore health and promote well-being. bacillus   A rod-shaped bacterium. (46) bacterial spore   A primitive, thick-walled reproductive body capable of developing into a new individual; resistant to killing through disinfection. (44) balance billing   Billing a patient for the difference between a higher usual fee and a lower allowed charge. (17) balloon angioplasty   A procedure using a slender, hollow tube passed through a coronary artery to compress a blockage in the artery. (42) bandwidth   A measurement, calculated in bits or bytes, of how much information can be sent or processed with one single instruction. (8) barium enema   A radiologic procedure performed by a radiologist who administers barium sulfate through the anus, into the rectum, and then into the colon to help diagnose and evaluate obstructions, ulcers, polyps, diverticuloses, tumors, or motility problems of the colon or rectum; also called a lower GI (gastrointestinal) series. (50) barium swallow   A radiologic procedure that involves oral administration of a barium sulfate drink to help diagnose and evaluate obstructions, ulcers, polyps, diverticuloses, tumors, or motility problems of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small intestine; also called an upper GI (gastrointestinal) series. (50) baroreceptors   Structures, located in the aorta and carotid arteries, that help regulate blood pressure. (26) Bartholin's glands   Glands lateral to the vagina that produce mucus for lubrication of the vagina. (32) bases   Electrolytes that release hydroxyl ions in water. (22) basophil   A type of granular leukocyte that produces the chemical histamine, which aids the body in controlling allergic reactions and other exaggerated immunologic responses. (27) battery   An action that causes bodily harm to another. (5) behavior modification   The altering of personal habits to promote a healthier lifestyle. (55) benefits   Payments for medical services. (17) benign   A noncancerous or nonmalignant growth or condition. (28) benign prostatic hypertrophy   A noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. (32) bicarbonate ions   Elements formed when carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream and reacts with water. In the alimentary canal, these ions neutralize acidic chyme arriving from the stomach. (29) bicuspids   Teeth with two cusps. There are two in front of each set of molars. (33) bicuspid valve   Heart valve that has two cusps and that is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Also known as the mitral valve. (26) bile   A substance created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is a bitter yellow-green fluid that is used in the digestion of fats. (33) bilirubin   A bile pigment formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver. (27, 40) bilirubinuria   The presence of bilirubin in the urine; one of the first signs of liver disease or conditions that involve the liver. (47) biliverdin   A pigment released when a red blood cell is destroyed. (27) biochemistry   The study of matter and chemical reactions in the body. (22) bioelectromagnetic-based therapies   The use of measurable energy fields in such things as magnetic therapy, millimeter wave therapy, sound energy therapy, and light therapy. bioethics   Principles of right and wrong in issues that arise from medical advances. (5) biofeedback   A type of therapy in which an individual learns how to control involuntary body responses in order to promote health and treat disease. biofield therapies   Treatments that affect the energy fields that surround and penetrate the human body in order to promote health and well-being. biohazardous materials   Biological agents that can spread disease to living things. (44) biohazardous waste container   A leakproof, puncture-resistant container, color-coded red or labeled with a special biohazard symbol, that is used to store and dispose of contaminated supplies and equipment. (44) biohazard symbol   A symbol that must appear on all containers used to store waste products, blood, blood products, or other specimens that may be infectious. (45) biopsy   The removal and examination of a sample of tissue from a living body for diagnostic purposes. (2, 28) biopsy specimen   Av small amount of tissue removed from the body for examination under a microscope to diagnose an illness. (44) bioterrorism   The intentional release of a biologic agent with the intent to harm individuals. (57) birthday rule   A rule that states that the insurance policy of a policyholder whose birthday comes first in the year is the primary payer for all dependents. (17) blastocyst   A morula that travels down the uterine tube to the uterus and is invaded with fluid. It then implants into the wall of the uterus. (32) bloodborne pathogen   A disease-causing microorganism carried in a host's blood and transmitted through contact with infected blood, tissue, or body fluids. blood-brain barrier   A structure that is formed from tight capillaries to protect the tissues of the central nervous system from certain substances. (30) B lymphocyte   A type of nongranular leukocyte that produces antibodies to combat specific pathogens. (48) board-certified physician   A licensed practitioner who has obtained education and licensing for 9 to 12 years and taken multiple tests known as board tests. (2) body   Single-spaced lines of text that are the content of a business letter. (10) body language   Nonverbal communication, including facial expressions, eye contact, posture, touch, and attention to personal space. (4) body mechanics   The application of physical principles to achieve maximum efficiency and to limit risk of physical stress or injury to the practitioner of physical therapy, massage therapy, or chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation. (7) body surface area (BSA)   The area of the external surface of the body, expressed in square meters (m2); used to calculate metabolic, electrolyte, and nutritional requirements; drug dosage; and expected pulmonary function measurements. (52) bolus   The mass created when food is combined with saliva and mucus. (33) bone conduction   The process by which sound waves pass through the bones of the skull directly to the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ears. (35) bookkeeping   The systematic recording of business transactions. (21) botulism   A life-threatening type of food poisoning that results from eating improperly canned or preserved foods that have been contaminated with the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (25) boundaries   A physical or psychological space that indicates the limit of appropriate versus inappropriate behavior. (4) Bowman's capsule   A capsule that surrounds the glomerulus of the kidney. (31) brachial artery   An artery that provides a palpable pulse and audible vascular sounds in the antecubital space (the bend of the elbow). (37) brachytherapy   A radiation therapy technique in which a radiologist places temporary radioactive implants close to or directly into cancerous tissue; used for treating localized cancers. (50) bradycardia   A slow heart rate; usually less than 60 beats per minute. (37) brain stem   A structure that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. (30) breach of contract   The violation of or failure to live up to a contract's terms. (5) bronchi   The two branches of the trachea that enter the lungs. (29) bronchial tree   A series of tubes that begins where the distal end of the trachea branches. (29) bronchioles   A part of the respiratory tract that branches from the tertiary bronchi. (29) buccal   Between the cheek and gum. (53) budget   The total sum of money allocated for a particular purpose or period of time. (56) buffycoat   The layer between the packed red blood cells and plasma in a centrifuged blood sample; this layer contains the white blood cells and platelets. (48) bulbourethral glands   Glands that lie beneath the prostate and empty their fluid into the urethra. Their fluid aids in sperm movement. (32) bulimia   An eating disorder in which people eat a large quantity of food in a short period of time (bingeing) and then attempt to counter the effects of bingeing by self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, and/or excessive exercise. (55) bundled codes   When healthcare services that are usually separate are considered as a single entity for purposes of classification and payment. (19) bundle of His   Also known as the AV bundle, this is the node located between the ventricles of the heart that carries the electrical impulse from the AV node to the bundle branches. (26) burnout   The end result of prolonged periods of stress without relief. Burnout is an energy-depleting condition that can affect one's health and career. It can be common for those who work in healthcare. (4) bursitis   Inflammation of a bursa. (24) butterfly system   A type of needle used to draw blood from patients with small or fragile veins. Sometimes called a winged infusion set, it has flexible wings attached to the needle and a length of flexible tubing. (48) CABG   See coronary artery bypass graft. calcaneus   The largest tarsal bone; also called the heel bone. (24) calcitonin   A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts. (34) calibrate   To determine the caliber of; to standardize a measuring instrument. (37) calibration syringe   A standardized measuring instrument used to check and adjust the volume indicator on a spirometer. (49) calorie   A unit used to measure the amount of energy food produces; the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. (55) calyces   Small cavities of the renal pelvis of the kidney. (31) CAM   The acronym for complementary and alternative medicine. Complementary medicine is used with conventional medicine. Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. canaliculi   Tiny canals that connect lacunae to each other. (24) cancellous   Bone also known as spongy bone. It contains spaces within it containing the red bone marrow. (24) capillary   Branches of arterioles and the smallest type of blood vessel. (26) capillary puncture   A blood-drawing technique that requires a superficial puncture of the skin with a sharp point. (48) capitation   A payment structure in which a health maintenance organization prepays an annual set fee per patient to a physician. (17) carboxyhemoglobin   The term used when the hemoglobin of red blood cells is carrying carbon dioxide. (27) carboxypeptidase   A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins. carcinogen   A factor that is known to cause the formation of cancer. cardiac catheterization   A diagnostic method in which a catheter is inserted into a vein or artery in the arm or leg and passed through blood vessels into the heart. (42) cardiac cycle   The sequence of contraction and relaxation that makes up a complete heartbeat. (49) cardiac output   The product of heart rate and stroke volume, measured in liters per minute; the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in 1 minute. (26) cardiac rehabilitation   A systematic program of exercise and nutritional, behavioral, and vocational counseling to optimize the recovery and physiologic capacity of the patient with cardiovascular disease. (2) cardiac sphincter   The valve-like structure composed of a circular band of muscle at the juncture of the esophagus and stomach. Also known as the esophageal sphincter. (33) cardiologist   A specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular diseases). (2) carditis   Inflammation of the heart. (26) carpal   Bones of the wrist. (24) carpal tunnel syndrome   A painful disorder caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. (24) carrier   A reservoir host who is unaware of the presence of a pathogen and so spreads the disease while exhibiting no symptoms of infection. (6) cash flow statement   A statement that shows the cash on hand at the beginning of a period, the income and disbursements made during the period, and the new amount of cash on hand at the end of the period. (21) cashier's check   A bank check issued by a bank on bank paper and signed by a bank representative; usually purchased by individuals who do not have checking accounts. (21) cast   Cylinder-shaped elements with flat or rounded ends, differing in composition and size, that form when protein from the breakdown of cells accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules and is washed into the urine. (47) A rigid, external dressing, usually made of plaster or fiberglass, that is molded to the contours of the body part to which it is applied; used to immobilize a fractured or dislocated bone. catabolism   The stage of metabolism in which complex substances, including nutrients and body tissues, are broken down into simpler substances and converted into energy. (55) cataracts   Cloudy areas that form in the lens of the eye that prevent light from reaching visual receptors. (35) categories   In both ICD-9 and ICD-10, the first 3 digits of the diagnosis code. (18) catheterization   The procedure during which a catheter is inserted into a vessel, an organ, or a body cavity. (47) caudal   See inferior. (22) CD-ROM   A compact disc that contains software programs; an abbreviation for "compact disc—read-only memory." (8) cecum   The first section of the large intestine. (33) celiac disease   An intolerance to gluten that causes an immune response in the body and reduces the absorption of nutrients in the small intestines. (55) cell body   The portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles. (30) cell-mediated response   The part of our body's immune response that occurs when T cells bind to antigens on cells and attack the antigens directly. (28) cell membrane   The outer limit of a cell that is thin and selectively permeable. It controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. (22) cells   The smallest living units of structure and function. (22) cellulitis   Inflammation of cellular or connective tissue. (23) cellulose   A type of carbohydrate that is found in vegetables and cannot be digested by humans; commonly called fiber. (33) Celsius (centigrade)   One of two common scales for measuring temperature; measured in degrees Celsius, or °C. (37) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)   A congressional agency designed to handle Medicare and Medicaid insurance claims. It was formerly known as the Health Care Financing Administration. (17) central nervous system (CNS)   A system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. (30) central processing unit (CPU)   A microprocessor, the primary computer chip responsible for interpreting and executing programs. (8) centrifuge   A device used to spin a specimen at high speed until it separates into its component parts. (45) centrioles   Two cylinder-shaped organs near the cell nucleus that are essential for cell division, by equally dividing chromosomes to the daughter cells. (22) cerebellum   An area of the brain inferior to the cerebrum that coordinates complex skeletal muscle coordination. (30) cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)   The fluid in the subarachnoid space of the meninges and the central canal of the spinal cord. (30) cerebrovascular accident   A stroke. Caused by a hemorrhage in the brain or more often by a clot lodged in a cerebral artery. (27) cerebrum   The largest part of the brain; it mainly includes the cerebral hemispheres. (30) Certificate of Waiver tests   Laboratory tests that pose an insignificant risk to the patient if they are performed or interpreted incorrectly, are simple and accurate to such a degree that the risk of obtaining incorrect results is minimal, and have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use by patients at home; laboratories performing only Certificate of Waiver tests must meet less stringent standards than laboratories that perform tests in other categories. (45) certification   The attainment of board approval and credentialing in a specialty. (1) certified check   A payer's check written and signed by the payer, which is stamped "certified" by the bank. The bank has already drawn money from the payer's account to guarantee that the check will be paid. (21) Certified Medical Assistant (CMA)   A medical assistant whose knowledge about the skills of medical assistants, as summarized by the 2003 AAMA Role Delineation Study areas of competence, has been certified by the Certifying Board of the American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA). (1) cerumen   A wax-like substance produced by glands in the ear canal; also called earwax. (35) cervical enlargement   The thickening of the spinal cord in the neck region. (30) cervical orifice   The opening of the uterus through the cervix into the vagina. (32) cervicitis   Inflammation of the cervix. (32) cervix   The lowest portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina. (32) cesarean section   A surgical incision of the abdomen and uterus to deliver a baby transabdominally. (32) chain of command   A command hierarchy where a group of people are committed to carrying out orders from the highest authority. (56) chain of custody   A procedure for ensuring that a specimen is obtained from a specified individual, is correctly identified, is under the uninterrupted control of authorized personnel, and has not been altered or replaced. (57) CHAMPVA(Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Veterans Administration)   A type of health insurance that covers the expenses of families (dependent spouses and children) of veterans with total, permanent, and service-connected disabilities. It also covers the surviving families of veterans who die in the line of duty or as a result of service-connected disabilities. (17) chancre   A painless ulcer that may appear on the tongue, the lips, the genitalia, the rectum, or elsewhere. (46) chapters   The breakdown of diagnosis codes by body system or disease. There are 17 chapters in ICD-9 and 21 in ICD-10. (18) charge slip   The original record of services performed for a patient and the charges for those services. (20) check   A bank draft or order written by a payer that directs the bank to pay a sum of money on demand to the payee. (21) CHEDDAR   C: Chief complaint. H: History. E: Examination. D: Details of problem and complaints. D: Drugs and dosage. A: Assessment. R: Return visit information or referral, if applicable. (11) chemical digestion   The breaking down of food for use by the body caused by enzymes in the body such as amylase. (33) chemistry   The study of the composition of matter and how matter changes. (22) chemoreceptor   Any cell that is activated by a change in chemical concentration and results in a nerve impulse. The olfactory or smell receptors in the nose are an example of a chemoreceptor. (35) Cheyne-Stokes respirations   A pattern of breathing that gradually alternates between deep and shallow breaths with a period of apnea or no breathing that can last from 5 to 40 seconds. (37) chief cells   Cells in the lining of the stomach that secrete pepsinogen. (33) chief complaint(CC)   The patient's main issue of pain or ailment. (18, 36) chiropractor   A physician who uses a system of therapy, including manipulation of the spine, to treat illness or pain. This treatment is done without drugs or surgery. (2) chlamydia   A common bacterial STI caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis that can lead to PID in women. (32) cholangiography   A test that evaluates the function of the bile ducts by injection of a contrast medium directly into the common bile duct (during gallbladder surgery) or through a T-tube (after gallbladder surgery or during radiologic testing) and taking an x-ray. (50) cholecystography   A gallbladder function test performed by x-ray after the patient ingests an oral contrast agent; used to detect gallstones and bile duct obstruction. (42) cholesterol   A fat- related substance that the body produces in the liver and obtains from dietary sources; needed in small amounts to carry out several vital functions. High levels of cholesterol in the blood increase the risk of heart and artery disease. (33, 55) chordae tendineae   Cord-like structures that attach the cusps of the heart valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles. (26) choroid   The middle layer of the eye, which contains the iris, the ciliary body, and most of the eye's blood vessels. (35) chromosome   Thread-like structures composed of DNA. (22) chronic   Lasting a long time or recurring frequently, as in chronic osteoarthritis. (18) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)   A disease characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction as a result of chronic bronchitis or emphysema. It is typically progressive. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause. (29) chronological résumé   The type of résumé used by individuals who have job experience. Jobs are listed according to date, with the most recent being listed first. (58) chylomicron   The least dense of the lipoproteins; it functions in lipid transportation. (27) chyme   The mixture of food and gastric juice. (33) chymotrypsin   A pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins. (32) cilia   Hair-like projections from the outside of the cell membrane on some cell types. (22) ciliary body   A wedge-shaped thickening in the middle layer of the eyeball that contains the muscles that control the shape of the lens. (35) circumduction   Moving a body part in a circle; for example, tracing a circle with your arm. (25) cirrhosis   A long-lasting liver disease in which normal liver tissue is replaced with nonfunctioning scar tissue. (33) Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Veterans Administration   See CHAMPVA. civil law   Involves crimes against persons. A person can sue another person, business, or the government. Judgments often require a payment of money. (5) clarification   Asking questions that provide an increased understanding of a problem. (36) clarity   Clearness in writing or stating a message. (10) class action lawsuit   A lawsuit in which one or more people sue a company or other legal entity that allegedly wronged all of them in the same way. (20) clavicle   A slender, curved long bone that connects the sternum and the scapula; also called the collar bone. (24) clean-catch midstream urine specimen   A type of urine specimen that requires special cleansing of the external genitalia to avoid contamination by organisms residing near the external opening of the urethra and is used to identify the number and types of pathogens present in urine; sometimes referred to as midvoid. (47) clearinghouse   A group that takes nonstandard medical billing software formats and translates them into the standard EDI formats. (17) cleavage   The rapid rate of mitosis of a zygote immediately following fertilization. (32) CLIA'88   See Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988. clinical diagnosis   A diagnosis based on the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition. (38) clinical drug trial   An internationally recognized research protocol designed to evaluate the efficacy or safety of drugs and to produce scientifically valid results. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988(CLIA ’88)   A law enacted by Congress in 1988 that placed all laboratory facilities that conduct tests for diagnosing, preventing, or treating human disease or for assessing human health under federal regulations administered by the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (1) clitoris   Located anterior to the urethral opening in females. It contains erectile tissue and is rich in sensory nerves. (32) clock speed   A measurement of how many instructions per second that a CPU can process. Clock speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). (8) closed file   A file for a patient who has died, moved away, or for some other reason no longer consults the office for medical expertise. (15) closed posture   A position that conveys the feeling of not being totally receptive to what is being said; arms are often rigid or folded across the chest. (4) cochlea   A spiral-shaped canal in the inner ear that contains the hearing receptors. (35) colitis   Inflammation of the colon. colony   A distinct group of microorganisms, visible with the naked eye, on the surface of a culture medium. (46) colposcopy   The examination of the vagina and cervix with an instrument called a colposcope to identify abnormal tissue, such as cancerous or precancerous cells. (39) combining vowel   A vowel (often an o) that is placed between a word root and suffix to ease pronunciation. (22) Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)   A voluntary organization that accredits allied health education programs. (1) common bile duct   Duct that carries bile to the duodenum. It is formed from the merger of the cystic and hepatic ducts. (33) compactible file   Files kept on rolling shelves that slide along permanent tracks in the floor and are stored close together or stacked when not in use. (15) complement   A protein present in serum that is involved in specific defenses. (28) complementary medicine   A type of medicine that is used with conventional medicine. complete blood(cell)count   A combination of the following determinations: red blood cell indices and count, white blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelets, and differential blood count. (48) complete proteins   Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids. (55) complex carbohydrates   Long chains of sugar units; also known as polysaccharides. (55) complex inheritance   The inheritance of traits determined by multiple genes. (22) compliance plan   A process for finding, correcting, and preventing illegal medical office practices. (19) complimentary closing   The closing remark of a business letter found two spaces below the last line of the body of the letter. (10) compound   A substance that is formed when two or more atoms of more than one element are chemically combined. (22) compound microscope   A microscope that uses two lenses to magnify the image created by condensed light focused through the object being examined. (45) comprehension   Knowledge or understanding of an object, situation, event, or verbal statement. (3) computed tomography   A radiographic examination that produces a three-dimensional, crosssectional view of an area of the body; may be performed with or without a contrast medium. (42) concise   Brevity; the use of no unnecessary words. (10) concurrent care   Care being provided by more than one physician, such as with specialists. (19) concussion   A jarring injury to the brain; the most common type of head injury. (57) conductive hearing loss   A type of hearing loss that occurs when sound waves cannot be conducted through the ear. Most types are temporary. (43) condyle   Rounded articular surface on a bone. (22) cones   Light-sensing nerve cells in the eye, at the posterior of the retina, that are sensitive to color, provide sharp images, and function only in bright light. (35) conflict   An opposition of opinions or ideas. (4) conjunctiva   The protective membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the anterior of the sclera, or the white of the eye. (35) conjunctivitis   A contagious infection of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria, viruses, and allergies. The symptoms may include discharge, red eyes, itching, and swollen eyelids; also commonly called pinkeye. (35) connective tissue   A tissue type that is the framework of the body. (22) consent   A voluntary agreement that a patient gives to allow a medically trained person the permission to touch, examine, and perform a treatment. (5) constructive criticism   A type of critique that is aimed at giving an individual feedback about his or her performance in order to improve that performance. (3, 58) consultation   Meeting of two or more physicians or surgeons to evaluate the nature and progress of disease in a particular patient and to establish diagnosis, prognosis, and/or therapy. (19) consumable   Able to be emptied or used up, as with supplies. (9) consumer education   The process by which the average person learns to make informed decisions about goods and services, including healthcare. (14) contagious   Having a disease that can easily be transmitted to others. (7) contaminated   Soiled or stained, particularly through contact with potentially infectious substances; no longer clean or sterile. (6, 9) continuing education   Systematic professional learning experiences designed to augment knowledge and skills of healthcare professionals; education completed after the initial educational program; required for relicensure in some fields. (1) contract   A voluntary agreement between two parties in which specific promises are made. (5) contraindication   A symptom that renders use of a remedy or procedure inadvisable, usually because of risk. (40) contrast medium   A substance that makes internal organs denser and blocks the passage of x-rays to photographic film. Introducing a contrast medium into certain structures or areas of the body can provide a clear image of organs and tissues and highlight indications of how well they are functioning. (50) controlled substance   A drug or drug product that is categorized as potentially dangerous and addictive and is strictly regulated by federal laws. (51) control sample   A specimen that has a known value; used as a comparison for test results on a patient sample. (45) contusion   A closed wound, or bruise. (57) conventional medicine   The usual practice of physicians and other allied health professionals, such as physical therapists, psychologists, medical assistants, and registered nurses. Also known as allopathy. conventions   A list of abbreviations, punctuation, symbols, typefaces, and instructional notes appearing in the beginning of the ICD-9. The items provide guidelines for using the code set. (18) convolutions   The ridges of brain matter between the sulci; also called gyri. (30) coordination of benefits   A legal principle that limits payment by insurance companies to 100% of the cost of covered expenses. (17) copayment   A fixed or set amount paid for each healthcare or medical service; the remainder is paid by the health insurance plan. (17) COPD   See chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. cornea   A transparent area on the front of the outer layer of the eye that acts as a window to let light into the eye. (35) coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)   A surgery performed to bypass a blockage within a coronary artery with a vessel taken from another area. (42) coronary sinus   The large vein that receives oxygen-poor blood from the cardiac veins and empties it into the right atrium of the heart. (26) corporation   A type of business group, such as a medical practice, that is established by law and managed by a board of directors. (5) corpus callosum   A thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres. (30) corpus luteum   A ruptured follicle cell in the ovary following ovulation. (32) cortex   The outermost layer of the cerebrum. (30) cortisol   A steroid hormone that is released when a person is stressed. It decreases protein synthesis. (34) coryza   Another name for an upper respiratory tract infection. The common cold. (29) costal   Cartilage that attaches true ribs to the sternum. (24) counseling   Provision of advice and instruction by a healthcare professional to patients. (19) counter check   A special bank check that allows a depositor to draw funds from his own account only, as when he has forgotten his checkbook. (21) courtesy title   A title used before a person's name, such as Dr., Mr., or Ms. (10) covered entity   Any organization that transmits health information in an electronic form that is related in any way with a HIPAA-covered business. (8) cover sheet   A form sent with a fax that provides details about the transmission. (10) Cowper's glands   Bulbourethral glands. (32) coxal   Pertaining to the bones of the pelvic girdle. The coxal is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. (24) CPT   See Current Procedural Terminology. CPU   See central processing unit. cranial   See superior. (24) cranial nerves   Peripheral nerves that originate from the brain. (30) crash cart   A rolling cart of emergency supplies and equipment. (57) creatine phosphate   A protein that stores extra phosphate groups. (25) credentialing   A formal review of the qualifications of a healthcare provider who has applied to participate in a healthcare system or plan. (5) credit   An extension of time to pay for services, which are provided on trust. (20) credit bureau   A company that provides information about the creditworthiness of a person seeking credit. (20) cricoid cartilage   A cartilage of the larynx that forms most of the posterior wall and a small part of the anterior wall. (29) crime   An offense against the state committed or omitted in violation of public law. (5) criminal law   Involves crimes against the state. When a state or federal law is violated, the government brings criminal charges against the alleged offender. (5) critical care   Care provided to unstable, critically ill patients. Constant bedside attention is needed in order to code critical care. (19) critical thinking   The practice of considering all aspects of a situation when deciding what to believe or what to do. (3) cross-reference   The notation within the ICD-9 of the word see after a main term in the index. The see reference means that the main term first checked is not correct. Another category must then be used. (18) cross-referenced   Filed in two or more places, with each place noted in each file; the exact contents of the file may be duplicated, or a cross-reference form can be created, listing all the places to find the file. (15) cross-training   The acquisition of training in a variety of tasks and skills. (1) cryosurgery   The use of extreme cold to destroy unwanted tissue, such as skin lesions. (44) cryotherapy   The application of cold to a patient's body for therapeutic reasons. (54) cryptorchidism   Congenital failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac. (32) crystals   Naturally produced solids of definite form; commonly seen in urine specimens, especially those permitted to cool. (47) cultural diversity   The inevitable variety in customs, attitudes, practices, and behavior that exists among groups of people from different ethnic, racial, or national backgrounds who come into contact. (3) culture   In the sociologic sense, a pattern of assumptions, beliefs, and practices that shape the way people think and act. (38) To place a sample of a specimen in or on a substance that allows microorganisms to grow in order to identify the microorganisms present. (46) culture and sensitivity (C&S)   A procedure that involves culturing a specimen and then testing the isolated bacteria's susceptibility (sensitivity) to certain antibiotics to determine which antibiotics would be most effective in treating an infection. (46) culture medium   A substance containing all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs to grow. (46) Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)   A book with the most commonly used system of procedure codes. It is the HIPAA-required code set for physicians' procedures. (19) cursor   A blinking line or cube on a computer screen that shows where the next character that is keyed will appear. (8) Cushing's disease   A condition in which a person produces too much cortisol or has used too many steroid hormones. Some of the signs and symptoms include buffalo hump, obesity, a moon face, and abdominal stretch marks; also called hypercortisolism. (34) cuspids   The sharpest teeth; they act to tear food. (33) customized   Altering something to meet individual specifications such as when creating unique settings within an EHR software program to meet the needs of a specialty physician or medical office. cyanosis   A bluish color of skin that results when the supply of oxygen is low in the blood. (23) cycle billing   A system that sends invoices to groups of patients every few days, spreading the work of billing all patients over the month while billing each patient only once. (20) cystic duct   The duct from the gallbladder that merges with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. (33) cystitis   Inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by infection. (31) cytokines   A chemical secreted by T lymphocytes in response to an antigen. Cytokines increase T- and B-cell production, kill cells that have antigens, and stimulate red bone marrow to produce more white blood cells. (28) cytokinesis   Splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division. (22) cytoplasm   The watery intracellular substance that consists mostly of water, proteins, ions, and nutrients. (22) damages   Money paid as compensation for violating legal rights. (20) database   A collection of records created and stored on a computer. (8) dateline   The line at the top of a letter that contains the month, day, and year. (10) debridement   The removal of debris or dead tissue from a wound to expose healthy tissue. (44) decibel   A unit for measuring the relative intensity of sounds on a scale from 0 to 130. (43) deductible   A fixed dollar amount that must be paid by the insured before additional expenses are covered by an insurer. (17) deep   Anatomical term meaning closer to the inside of the body. (22) defamation   Damaging a person's reputation by making public statements that are both false and malicious. (5) defecation reflex   The relaxation of the anal sphincters so that feces can move through the anus in the process of elimination. (33) deflection   A peak or valley on an electrocardiogram. (49) dehydration   The condition that results from a lack of adequate water in the body. (55, 57) dementia   The deterioration of mental faculties from organic disease of the brain. (42) demographics   Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it. (11) dendrite   A type of nerve fiber that is short and branches near the cell body. Its function is to receive information from the neuron. (30) deoxyhemoglobin   A type of hemoglobin that is not carrying oxygen. It is darker red in color than hemoglobin. (27) dependent   A person who depends on another person for financial support. (21) depolarization   The loss of polarity, or opposite charges inside and outside; the electrical impulse that initiates a chain reaction resulting in contraction. (49) depolarized   A state in which sodium ions flow to the inside of the cell membrane, making the outside less positive. Depolarization occurs when a neuron responds to stimuli such as heat, pressure, or chemicals. (30) depression   The lowering of a body part. (25) dermatitis   Inflammation of the skin. (23) dermatologist   A specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases of the skin, hair, and nails. (2) dermatome   An area of skin innervated by a spinal nerve. (30) dermis   The middle layer of the skin, which contains connective tissue, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. (23) descending colon   The segment of the large intestine after the transverse colon that descends the left side of the abdominal cavity. (33) descending tracts   Tracts of the spinal cord that carry motor information from the brain to muscles and glands. (30) detrusor muscle   A smooth muscle that contracts to push urine from the bladder into the urethra. (31) diabetes insipidus   The condition of excessive thirst and excessive urination related to hyposecretion of ADH so that water is not retained by the kidney. (34) diabetes mellitus   Any of several related endocrine disorders characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood, caused by a deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance at the cellular level. (34) diagnosis(Dx)   The primary condition for which a patient is receiving care. (18) diagnosis code   The way a diagnosis is communicated to the third party payer on the healthcare claim. (18) diagnostic radiology   The use of x-ray technology to determine the cause of a patient's symptoms. (50) diapedesis   The squeezing of a cell through a blood vessel wall. (27) diaphoresis   Excessive sweating as a result of illness or injury. (29) diaphragm   A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. (22) diaphysis   The shaft of a long bone. (24) diastolic pressure   The blood pressure measured when the heart relaxes. (26) diathermy   A type of heat therapy in which a machine produces high-frequency waves that achieve deep heat penetration in muscle tissue. (54) diencephalon   A structure that includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus. It is located between the cerebral hemispheres and is superior to the brain stem. (30) dietary supplement   Vitamins, minerals, herbals, and other substances taken by mouth without a prescription to promote health and well-being. differential diagnosis   The process of determining the correct diagnosis when two or more diagnoses are possible. (38) differently abled   Having a condition that limits or changes a person's abilities and may require special accommodations. (7) diffusion   The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (22) digital examination   Part of a physical examination in which the physician inserts one or two fingers of one hand into the opening of a body canal such as the vagina or the rectum; used to palpate canal and related structures. (38) diluent   A liquid used to dissolve and dilute another substance, such as a drug. (53) disability insurance   Insurance that provides a monthly, prearranged payment to an individual who cannot work as the result of an injury or disability. (17) disaccharide   A type of carbohydrate that is a simple sugar. (33) disbursement   Any payment of funds made by the physician's office for goods and services. (8) disclaimer   A statement of denial of legal liability or that refutes the authenticity of a claim. (8) disclosure   The release of, the transfer of, the provision of access to, or the divulgence in any manner of patient information. (5) disclosure statement   A written description of agreed terms of payment; also called a federal Truth in Lending statement. (20) discrimination   Unequal and unfair treatment. (5) disinfectant   A cleaning product applied to instruments and equipment to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms; not used on human tissue. (44) disinfection   Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins or vectors by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents. (9) disk clean up   A computer maintenance utility designed to free up disk space on computer users' hard drive. (8) disk defragmentation   A computer program designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique commonly known as defragmenting. (8) dislocation   The displacement of a bone end from a joint. (57) dispense   To distribute a drug, in a properly labeled container, to a patient who is to use it. (51) distal   Anatomic term meaning farther away from a point of attachment or farther away from the trunk of the body. (22) distal convoluted tubule   The last twisted section of the renal tubule; it is located after the loop of Henle. Several of these tubules merge together to form collecting ducts. (31) distribution   The biochemical process of transporting a drug from its administration site in the body to its site of action. (51) diverticula   Pouches or sacs opening from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the gut or bladder. Plural of diverticulum. (33) diverticulitis   Inflammation of the diverticuli, which are abnormal dilations in the intestine. (33) diverticulosis   Abnormal outpouchings or dilations of the intestine. (29) DNA   A nucleic acid that contains the genetic information of cells. (22) doctor of osteopathy   A doctor who focuses special attention on the musculoskeletal system and uses hands and eyes to identify and adjust structural problems, supporting the body's natural tendency toward health and selfhealing. (2) doctrine of informed consent   The legal basis for informed consent, usually outlined in a state's medical practice act. (5) doctrine of professional discretion   A principle under which a physician can exercise judgment as to whether to show patients who are being treated for mental or emotional conditions their records. (5) documentation   The recording of information in a patient's medical record; includes detailed notes about each contact with the patient and about the treatment plan, patient progress, and treatment outcomes. (11) dorsal   See posterior. (22) dorsal root   A portion of a spinal nerve that contains axons of sensory neurons only. (30) dorsiflexion   Pointing the toes upward. (25) dosage   The size, frequency, and number of doses. (51) dose   The amount of a drug given or taken at one time. (51) dot matrix printer   An impact printer that creates characters by placing a series of tiny dots next to one another. (8) double-booking system   A system of scheduling in which two or more patients are booked for the same appointment slot, with the assumption that both patients will be seen by the doctor within the scheduled period. (16) douche   Vaginal irrigation, which can be used to administer vaginal medication in liquid form. (53) downcoding   Term used when the insurance carrier bases reimbursement on a code level lower than the one submitted by the provider. (19) drainage catheter   A type of catheter used to withdraw fluids. (47) dressing   A sterile material used to cover a surgical or other wound. (44) DSL(digital subscriber line)   A type of modem that operates over telephone lines but uses a different frequency than a telephone, allowing a computer to access the Internet at the same time that a telephone is being used. (8) dual coverage   Term used when a patient is covered by Medicare and Medicaid. (17) ductus arteriosus   The connection in the fetus between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. (32) ductus venosus   A blood vessel that allows most of the blood to bypass the liver in the fetus. (32) duodenum   The first section of the small intestine. (33) durable item   A piece of equipment that is used repeatedly, such as a telephone, computer, or examination table; contrast with expendable item. (8) durable power of attorney   A document naming the person who will make decisions regarding medical care on behalf of another person if that person becomes unable to do so. (5) dwarfism   A condition in which too little growth hormone is produced, resulting in an abnormally small stature. (34) dysmenorrhea   Severe menstrual cramps that limit daily activity. (32, 39) dyspnea   Difficult or painful breathing. (29) ear ossicles   Three tiny bones called the malleus, the incus, and the stapes located in the middle ear cavity. They are the smallest bones of the body. (24) eccrine gland   The most numerous type of sweat gland. Eccrine sweat glands produce a watery type of sweat and are activated primarily by heat. (23) ECG   See electrocardiogram. echocardiography   A procedure that tests the structure and function of the heart through the use of reflected sound waves, or echoes. (42, 49) E code   A type of code in the ICD- 9. E-codes identify the external causes of injuries and poisoning. (18) ectoderm   The primary germ layer that gives rise to nervous tissue and some epithelial tissue. (32) ectropion   Eversion of the lower eyelid. (35) eczema   Inflammatory condition of the skin. (23) edema   An excessive buildup of fluid in body tissue. (26) EDI   See electronic data interchange. editing   The process of ensuring that a document is accurate, clear, and complete; free of grammatical errors; organized logically; and written in the appropriate style. (10) EDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)   A chelating agent and anticoagulant; added to blood specimens for hematologic and other tests. (48) effacement   Thinning of the cervix in preparation for childbirth. (32) effectors   Muscles and glands that are stimulated by motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. (30) efferent arterioles   Structures that deliver blood to peritubular capillaries that are wrapped around the renal tubules of the nephron in the kidneys. (31) efferent nerves   Motor nerves that bring information or impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system to allow for the movement or action of a muscle or gland. (30) efficacy   The therapeutic value of a procedure or therapy, such as a drug. (51) efficiency   The ability to produce a desired result with the least effort, expense, and waste. (8) EHR   See electronic health records. EIA   See enzyme immunoassay. EKG   See electrocardiogram. elderly   Individuals over the age of 65. (41) elective procedure   A medical procedure that is not required to sustain life but is requested for payment to the third-party payer by the patient or physician. Some elective procedures are paid for by third-party payers, whereas others are not. (17) electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)   The tracing made by an electrocardiograph. (49) electrocardiograph   An instrument that measures and displays the waves of electrical impulses responsible for the cardiac cycle. (49) electrocardiography   The process by which a graphic pattern is created to reflect the electrical impulses generated by the heart as it pumps. (49) electrocauterization   The use of a needle, probe, or loop heated by electric current to remove growths such as warts, to stop bleeding, and to control nosebleeds that either will not subside or continually recur. (44) electrodes   Sensors that detect electrical activity. (49) electroencephalography   A procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain as a tracing called an electroencephalogram, or EEG, on a strip of graph paper. (42) electrolytes   Substances that carry electrical current through the movement of ions. (22) electromyography   A procedure in which needle electrodes are inserted into some of the skeletal muscles and a monitor records the nerve impulses and measures conduction time; used to detect neuromuscular disorders or nerve damage. (42) electronic data interchange(EDI)   Transmitting electronic medical insurance claims from providers to payers using the necessary information systems. (17) electronic health records(EHR)   Patient health record created and stored on a computer or other electronic storage device. Also known as electronic medical records. (2, 12) electronic mail   A method of sending and receiving messages through a computer network; commonly known as e-mail. (8) electronic media   Any transmissions that are physically moved from one location to another through the use of magnetic tape, disk, compact disk media, or any other form of digital or electronic technology. (10) electronic medical records   Patient medical record created and stored on a computer or other electronic storage device. Also known as electronic health records. (12) electronic transaction record   The standardized codes and formats used for the exchange of medical data. (5) elevation   The raising of a body part. (25) ELISA test   See enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. embolism   An obstruction in a blood vessel. (29) embolus   A portion of a thrombus that breaks off and moves through the bloodstream. (27) embryonic period   The second through eighth weeks of pregnancy. (32) E/M code   Evaluation and management codes that are often considered the most important of all CPT codes. The E/M section guidelines explain how to code different levels of services. (19) empathy   Identification with or sensitivity to another person's feelings and problems. (3, 4) emphysema   A chronic lung condition consisting of damage to the alveoli of the lungs. It is heavily associated with smoking, which causes stretching of the spaces between the alveoli and paralyzes the cilia of the respiratory system. (29) employee handbook   A synopsis of human resources policies and procedures. (56) employment contract   A written agreement of employment terms between employer and employee that describes the employee's duties and the considerations (money, benefits, and so on) to be given by the employer in exchange. (21) empyema   A collection of pus in the pleural cavity. (29) EMR   See electronic medical record. enclosures   Materials that are included in the same envelope as the primary letter. (10) encounter form   A form that combines the charges for services rendered, an invoice for payment or insurance copayment, and all the information for submitting an insurance claim; also known as a superbill. (20) endocardium   The innermost layer of the heart. (26) endochondral   A type of ossification in which bones start out as cartilage models. (24) endocrine gland   A gland that secretes its products directly into tissue, fluid, or blood. (34) endocrinologist   A specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the endocrine system, which regulates many body functions by circulating hormones that are secreted by glands throughout the body. (2) endoderm   The primary germ layer that gives rise to epithelial tissues only. (32) endogenous infection   An infection in which an abnormality or malfunction in routine body processes causes normally beneficial or harmless microorganisms to become pathogenic. (6) endolymph   A fluid in the inner ear. When this fluid moves, it activates hearing and equilibrium receptors. (35) endometriosis   A condition in which tissues that make up the lining of the uterus grow outside the uterus. (32) endometrium   The innermost layer of the uterus. It undergoes significant changes during the menstrual cycle. (32) endomysium   A connective tissue covering that surrounds individual muscle cells. (25) endoplasmic reticulum   The organelles of the endoplasmic reticulum are composed of both smooth and rough types. The rough type contains ribosomes on its surface. The smooth type has no ribosomes. Both types create a network of passageways throughout the cytoplasm. (22) endorse   To sign or stamp the back of a check with the proper identification of the person or organization to whom the check is made out, to prevent the check from being cashed if it is stolen or lost. (21) endorsement   Signature on the back of a check with the terms for accepting the check as payment. (21) endoscopy   Any procedure in which a scope is used to visually inspect a canal or cavity within the body. (42) endosteum   A membrane that lines the medullary cavity and the holes of spongy bone. (24) engineered safety devices   Devices specifically designed to isolate or remove a hazard. These include needles with safety shields and selfshielding needles. (6) entropion   Inversion of the lower eyelid. (35) enunciation   Clear and distinct speaking. (13) enuresis   Bed wetting. enzyme immunoassay   The detection of substances by immunologic methods. This method involves an antigen, an antibody specific for the antigen, and a second antibody conjugated to an enzyme. (47) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)   A blood test that confirms the presence of antibodies developed by the body's immune system in response to an initial HIV infection. (46) EOB   See explanation of benefits. eosinophil   A type of granular leukocyte that captures invading bacteria and antigen-antibody complexes through phagocytosis. (27) epicardium   The outermost layer of the wall of the heart. Also known as the visceral pericardium. (26) epidermis   The most superficial layer of the skin. (23) epididymis   An elongated structure attached to the back of the testes and in which sperm cells mature. (32) epididymitis   Inflammation of an epididymis. Most cases result from infection. (32) epiglottic cartilage   A cartilage of the larynx that forms the framework of the epiglottis. (29) epiglottis   The flap-like structure that closes off the larynx during swallowing. (29) epilepsy   A condition that occurs when parts of the brain receive a burst of electrical signals that disrupt normal brain function; also called seizures. (30) epimysium   A thin covering that is just deep to the fascia of a muscle. It surrounds the entire muscle. (25) epinephrine   An injectable medication used to treat anaphylaxis by causing vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure. (28) A hormone secreted from the adrenal glands. It increases heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure. (34) epiphyseal disk   A plate of cartilage between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. (24) epiphysis   The expanded end of a long bone. (24) episiotomy   A surgical incision of the female perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery. (32) epistaxis   Nosebleed. (57) epithelial tissue   A tissue type that lines the tubes, hollow organs, and cavities of the body. (22) e-prescribing   Prescriptions are entered electronically and transmitted directly to the pharmacy. (51) erectile tissue   A highly specialized tissue located in the shaft of the penis. It fills with blood to achieve an erection. (32) ergonomics   The science of workplace, tools, and equipment designed to reduce worker discomfort, strain, and fatigue and to prevent workrelated injuries. (6) erythema   Redness of the skin. (54) erythroblastosis fetalis   A serious anemia that develops in a fetus with Rh-positive blood as a result of antibodies in an Rh-negative mother’s body. (27) erythrocytes   Red blood cells. (27) erythrocyte sedimentation rate   The rate at which red blood cells, the heaviest blood component, settle to the bottom of a blood sample. (48) erythropoietin   A hormone secreted by the kidney and responsible for regulating the production of red blood cells. (27) esophageal hiatus   Hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. (33) ESR   See erythrocyte sedimentation rate. established patient   A patient who has seen the physician within the past 3 years. This determination is important when using E/M codes. (19) estrogen   A female sex hormone; when produced during ovulation, estrogen causes a buildup of the lining of the uterus (womb) to prepare it for a possible pregnancy. (32) ethics   General principles of right and wrong, as opposed to requirements of law. (5) ethmoid   Bones located between the sphenoid and nasal bone that form part of the floor of the cranium. (24) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid   See EDTA. etiologic agent   A living microorganism or its toxin that may cause human disease. (46) etiology   The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation. (18) etiquette   Good manners. (13) eustachian tube   An opening in the middle ear, leading to the back of the throat, that helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum. (35) eversion   Turning the sole of the foot laterally. (25) exclusion   An expense that is not covered by a particular insurance policy, such as an eye examination or dental care. (17) excretion   The elimination of waste by a discharge; in drug metabolism, the manner in which a drug is eliminated from the body. (51) exocrine gland   A gland that secretes its product into a duct. (34) exogenous infection   An infection that is caused by the introduction of a pathogen from outside the body. (6) exophthalmos   Bulging of the eyeballs, often related to hyperthyroidism. (34) expendable item   An item that is used and must then be restocked; also known collectively as supplies. Contrast with durable item. (8) expiration   The process of breathing out; also called exhalation. (29) explanation of benefits (EOB)   Information that explains the medical claim in detail; also called remittance advice (RA). (17) explanation of payment (EOP)   Document sent by insurance carrier when payment is made describing the terms of the payments. Also known as explanation of benefits (EOB) or remittance advice (RA). (17) exposure control plan   A written document of practices and procedures, required equipment, and facilities designed to minimize employee exposure to infectious agents or biohazardous materials. (6) expressed contract   A contract clearly stated in written or spoken words. (5) extension   An unbending or straightening movement of the two elements of a jointed body part. (25) external auditory canal   Canal that carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane; commonly called the ear canal. (35) extrinsic eye muscles   The skeletal muscles that move the eyeball. (35) facsimile machine   A piece of office equipment used to send a facsimile, or fax, over telephone lines from one modem to another; more commonly called a fax machine. (8) factual teaching   Method of teaching that provides the patient with details of the information that is being taught. (14) facultative   Able to adapt to different conditions; in microbiology, able to grow in environments either with or without oxygen. (46) Fahrenheit   One of two common scales used for measuring temperature; measured in degrees Fahrenheit, or °F. (37) fallopian tubes   Tubes that extend from the uterus on each side and that open near an ovary. (32) family practitioner   A physician who does not specialize in a branch of medicine but treats all types and ages of patients; also called a general practitioner. (2) fascia   A structure that covers entire skeletal muscles and separates them from each other. (25) fascicle   Sections of a muscle divided by connective tissue called perimysium. (25) febrile   Having a body temperature above one's normal range. (37) fecal occult blood test(FOBT)   A test to find hidden blood in the stool. (47) feces   Material found in the large intestine and made from left over chyme. Feces are eventually eliminated through the anus. (33) Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA)   This act requires employers to pay a percentage of each employee's income up to a certain dollar amount. (56) feedback   Verbal and nonverbal evidence that a message was received and understood. (4) feedback loop   A mechanism to control hormone levels. The two types are positive and negative feedback loops. (34) fee-for-service   A major type of health plan. It repays policyholders for the costs of healthcare that are due to illness and accidents. (17) fee schedule   A list of the costs of common services and procedures performed by a physician. (17) felony   A serious crime, such as murder or rape, that is punishable by imprisonment. In certain crimes, a felony is punishable by death. (5) femoral   Relating to the femur or thigh. (22) femur   The bone in the upper leg; commonly called the thigh bone. (24) fenestrated drape   A drape that has a round or slit-like opening that provides access to the surgical site. (38) fertilization   The process in which an egg unites with a sperm. (32) fetal period   A period that begins at week nine of pregnancy and continues through delivery of the offspring. (32) fetus   The product of conception from the end of the eighth week to the moment of birth. (32) fiber   The tough, stringy part of vegetables and grains, which is not absorbed by the body but aids in a variety of bodily functions. (55) fibrinogen   A protein found in plasma that is important for blood clotting. (27) fibroid   A benign tumor in the uterus composed of fibrous tissue. (32) fibromyalgia   A condition that exhibits chronic pain primarily in joints, muscles, and tendons. (25) fibula   The lateral bone of the lower leg. (24) file guide   A heavy cardboard or plastic insert used to identify a group of file folders in a file drawer. (15) filtration   A process that separates substances into solutions by forcing them across a membrane. (22) fimbriae   Fringe-like structures that border the entrances of the fallopian tubes. (32) firewall   A system that protects a computer network from unauthorized access by users on its own network or another network such as the Internet. (8) first morning urine specimen   A urine specimen that is collected after a night's sleep; contains greater concentrations of substances that collect over time than specimens taken during the day. (47) fixative   A solution sprayed on a slide immediately after the specimen is applied. It is used to preserve and hold the cells in place until a microscopic examination is performed. (9) flaccid   Weak, soft; not erect. (32) flagellum   The "tail-like" structure on some cell membranes that provides cell movement. (22) flexion   A bending movement of the two elements of a jointed body part. (25) floater   A nonsterile assistant who is free to move about the room during surgery and attend to unsterile needs. (44) fluidotherapy   A technique for stimulating healing, particularly in the hands and feet, by placing the affected body part in a container of glass beads that are heated and agitated with hot air. (54) follicle   An accessory organ of the skin that is found in the dermis and the sites at which hairs emerge. (23) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)   A hormone that in females stimulates the production of estrogen by the ovaries; in males, it stimulates sperm production. (32) follicular cells   Small cells contained in the primordial follicle along with a large cell called a primary oocyte. (32) folliculitis   Inflammation of the hair follicle. (23) fomite   An inanimate object, such as clothing, body fluids, water, or food, that may be contaminated with infectious organisms and thus serve to transmit disease. (6) fontanel   The soft spot in an infant's skull that consists of tough membranes that connect to incompletely developed bone. (40) food exchange   A unit of food in a particular food category that provides the same amounts of protein, fat, and carbohydrates as all other units of food in that category. (55) foramen magnum   The large hole in the occipital bone that allows the brain to connect to the spinal cord. (24) foramen ovale   A hole in the fetal heart between the right atrium and the left atrium. (32) forced vital capacity (FVC)   The greatest volume of air that a person is able to expel when performing rapid, forced expiration. (49) formalin   A dilute solution of formaldehyde used to preserve biological specimens. (44) formed elements   Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; compose 45% of blood volume. (48) Form I-9 (form) (Employment Eligibility Verification)   A federal form for verifying the employee is a U.S. citizen, a legally admitted alien, or an alien authorized to work in the United States. (56) formula method   A basic formula to calculate dosage. D/H × Q, where D: desired dose, H: dose on hand, Q: quantity of the dose. (52) formulary   An insurance plan's list of approved prescription medications. (17) Form W-2 (tax form)   The form that an employer must send to an employee and the IRS at the end of the year. It reports an employee's annual wages and the amount of taxes withheld from his or her pay check. (56) Form W-4 (tax form)   A form completed by an employee to indicate his or her tax situation, such as exemptions and status, to the employer. (56) fracture   Any break in a bone. (42) fraud   An act of deception that is used to take advantage of another person or entity. (5) frequency   The number of complete fluctuations of energy per second in the form of waves. (43) frontal   Anatomic term that refers to the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also called coronal. (22) FSH   See follicle-stimulating hormone. fulgurated   The use of heat or laser to burn or destroy tissue. (32) full-block letter style   A letter format in which all lines begin flush left; also called block style. (10) functional résumé   A résumé that highlights specialty areas of a person's accomplishments and strengths. (58) fundus   The upper domed portion of an organ. (32) fungus   A eukaryotic organism that has a rigid cell wall at some stage in the life cycle. (46) FUTA   See Federal Unemployment Tax Act. FVC   See forced vital capacity.
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Home > Medical Glossary A-F

Course-wide Content SpringCharts® EHR Acti... Medical Glossary A-F Medical Glossary G-L Medical Glossary M-R Medical Glossary S-Z Spanish Glossary Text Updates and Errata

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