1 What factors combined to attract the great masses of people to the cities of America? What were the characteristics of these migrants?2 Describe the problems created by the stunning pace at which American cities were growing. How well did the institutions of urban life respond to these problems?3 Much of the serious art and literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries functioned as social criticism. Was the supposedly realistic criticism based on a balanced view of America's new urban culture?4 In what ways did the rise of mass consumption, the new approached to leisure, and the expanding access to education that emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries presage life in America a century later?