Biology (Mader), 10th Edition

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

1. Distinguish between matter, elements, and atoms.
2. Name the six elements that are basic to life.
3. Describe the structure of an atom.
4. Tell why an atom can have isotopes.
5. Give examples of how low levels and high levels of radiation can each be helpful.

6. Explain the periodic table of the elements.
7. State, explain, and give examples of the octet rule.
8. Distinguish between ionic bond, a covalent bond, and a hydrogen bond.
9. Be able to recognize and construct molecules that contain these bonds.

10. List and describe four properties of water that benefit organisms.

11. Distinguish between acids and bases.
12. Explain and use the pH scale.
13. Describe a buffer and tell how buffers assist organisms.