Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology (Shier), 12th Edition

Chapter 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Learning Outcomes

21.1 Introduction
         1   Explain the balance concept.
         2   Explain the importance of water and electrolyte balance.
21.2 Distribution of Body Fluids
         3   Describe how body fluids are distributed in compartments.
         4   Explain how fluid composition varies among compartments and how fluids move from one compartment to another.
21.3 Water Balance
         5   List the routes by which water enters and leaves the body.
         6   Explain the regulation of water input and water output.
21.4 Electrolyte Balance
         7   List the routes by which electrolytes enter and leave the body.
         8   Explain the regulation of the input and output of electrolytes.
21.5 Acid-Base Balance
         9   Explain acid-base balance.
       10   Identify how pH number describes the acidity and alkalinity of a body fluid.
       11   List the major sources of hydrogen ions in the body.
       12   Distinguish between strong acids and weak acids.
       13   Explain how chemical buffer systems, the respiratory center, and the kidneys keep the pH of body fluids relatively constant.
21.6 Acid-Base Imbalances
       14   Describe the causes and consequences of increase or decrease in body fluid pH.