Hole's Human Anatomy & Physiology (Shier), 12th Edition

Learning Outcome 4.3

1			Synthesis is a term, which could be used synonymously with _____.
			A)	metabolism
			B)	anabolism
			C)	catabolism
			D)	dehydration

Learning Outcome 4.3

2			Which of the following is an example of catabolism?
			A)	hydration
			B)	hydrolysis
			C)	protein synthesis
			D)	peptide synthesis

Learning Outcome 4.7

3			Penicillin acts to render bacterial cells nonviable because it damages their _____.
			A)	proteins
			B)	DNA
			C)	cell walls
			D)	cell membranes

Learning Outcome 4.6

4			Which of these is an enzyme name?
			A)	amylose
			B)	sucrose
			C)	lipase
			D)	protein

Learning Outcome 4.10

5			Most reactions that produce energy in a cell utilize _____ as the main reaction type.
			A)	catalysis
			B)	oxidation
			C)	reduction
			D)	hydrolysis

Learning Outcome 4.9

6			Of the following, the molecule with the greatest amount of usable cell energy is _____.
			A)	ADP
			B)	glucose
			C)	GTP
			D)	ATP

Learning Outcome 4.11

7			How many net ATP molecules result from glycolysis?
			A)	1
			B)	2
			C)	6
			D)	38

Learning Outcome 4.20

8			The most significant function of proteins is to produce _____.
			A)	amino acids
			B)	energy
			C)	cell structures
			D)	DNA molecules

Learning Outcome 4.13

9			A gene instructs an organism to produce a/an _____.
			A)	observable trait
			B)	protein
			C)	DNA sequence
			D)	dividing cell population

Learning Outcome 4.17

10			The fundamental units found in DNA, RNA and ATP are _____.
			A)	proteins
			B)	nucleic acids
			C)	nucleotides
			D)	nitrogenous bases

Learning Outcome 4.19

11			The following belong together except which one?
			A)	ribose
			B)	phosphate
			C)	uracil
			D)	thymine

Learning Outcome 4.18

12			The amino acids are transported to the place where they will be assembled into proteins by _____.
			A)	mRNA
			B)	tRNA
			C)	rRNA
			D)	proteins

Learning Outcome 4.5

13			Enzymes function in chemical reactions to ____________________.
			A)	lower the energy of activation needed to start the reaction
			B)	act as substrate molecules
			C)	prevent the development of metabolic pathways
			D)	keep reactants from interacting

Learning Outcome 4.9

14			Most of the readily-available energy stored in ATP is stored during the ________________.
			A)	decomposition of ATP to ADP
			B)	phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
			C)	phosphorylation of AMP to ADP
			D)	manufacture of adenosine

Learning Outcome 4.11

15			The first several steps of glycolysis are considered the energy-investment steps because ______________.
			A)	energy within glucose is expended to start the pathway
			B)	energy is stored in the form of ATP and expended later
			C)	energy from ATP is transferred to intermediates along the pathway to drive the reactions
			D)	metabolic pathways can be interconnected, and glucose could enter more than one pathway

Learning Outcome 4.11

16			The acetyl group is transported to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) by what carrier?
			A)	mitochondrial inner membrane
			B)	FADH2
			C)	coenzyme A
			D)	oxaloacetic acid

Learning Outcome 4.11

17			What occurs during the citric acid cycle?
			A)	Glucose is generated.
			B)	Electrons are passed along cytochromes.
			C)	Carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are released, and two molecules of ATP form.
			D)	Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated from coenzyme A.

Learning Outcome 4.12

18			Which molecule represents the storage form of glucose in the liver?
			A)	glycogen
			B)	glucagon
			C)	disaccharide
			D)	lactic acid

Learning Outcome 4.2

19			A _____ bond is formed when an amino group of one amino acid joins the acid group of another.
			A)	carbohydrate
			B)	peptide
			C)	hydrated
			D)	fat

Learning Outcome 4.2

20			A protein with many amino acids is called a _____.
			A)	peptide
			B)	dipeptide
			C)	polypeptide
			D)	polymer

Learning Outcome 4.4

21			The chemical process of _____ is involved in the digestion of a compound such as a disaccharide.
			A)	dehydration
			B)	hydrolysis
			C)	synthesis
			D)	anabolism

Learning Outcome 4.5

22			The molecule that is acted upon by an enzyme is a__________.
			A)	reactant
			B)	product
			C)	substrate
			D)	catalyst

Learning Outcome 4.4

23			The _____ will decompose hydrogen peroxide.
			A)	enzyme catalase
			B)	presence of any enzyme
			C)	enzyme hydrolase
			D)	mitochondria

Learning Outcome 4.8

24			Which of the following will catalyze the breakdown of starches?
			A)	protease
			B)	amylase
			C)	lipase
			D)	sucrase

Learning Outcome 4.8

25			The substrate for lipase would be _____.
			A)	fats
			B)	sucrose
			C)	a protein
			D)	maltose

Learning Outcome 4.5

26			The following terms belong together except which one?
			A)	enzyme
			B)	vitamin
			C)	glucose
			D)	mineral

Learning Outcome 4.5

27			What are the most common coenzyme molecules used to activate an enzyme?
			A)	minerals
			B)	vitamins
			C)	hormones
			D)	proteins

Learning Outcome 4.6

28			The following factors will decrease the function of most enzymes except which one?
			A)	radiation
			B)	50 degrees C
			C)	pH of 7.9
			D)	pH of 7.4

Learning Outcome 4.11

29			Energy metabolism is an expression that can be used to mean the same as _____.
			A)	oxidation
			B)	anabolism
			C)	cellular respiration
			D)	cellular metabolism

Learning Outcome 4.11

30			Respiration yields _____ as a gaseous waste product.
			A)	hydrogen
			B)	water
			C)	carbon dioxide
			D)	oxygen

Learning Outcome 4.9

31			Which part of ATP contains the most energy?
			A)	ADP
			B)	ribose
			C)	adenine base
			D)	phosphate

Learning Outcome 4.4

32			Carbohydrates in the diet are changed into glucose by a process of _____.
			A)	anabolism
			B)	hydrolysis
			C)	catalysis
			D)	glycolysis

Learning Outcome 4.11

33			The following are true of glycolysis except which statement?
			A)	the end product is pyruvic acid
			B)	occurs outside of the mitochondria
			C)	requires oxygen
			D)	is anaerobic

Learning Outcome 4.11

34			Before entering the Kreb cycle, pyruvic acid must be converted to a/an _____ molecule.
			A)	glucose
			B)	citric acid
			C)	lactic acid
			D)	acetyl coenzyme A

Learning Outcome 4.11

35			The following are end products of the Kreb cycle except which one?
			A)	ATP
			B)	pyruvate
			C)	citric acid
			D)	carbon dioxide

Learning Outcome 4.11

36			Which of these is the last to be produced in glycolysis?
			A)	phosphoenolpyruvic acid
			B)	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
			C)	1, 3-diphosphoglyceric acid
			D)	3-phosphoglyceric acid

Learning Outcome 4.11

37			In the Kreb cycle, the acetyl coenzyme A combines with _____ to form citric acid.
			A)	glucose
			B)	pyruvic acid
			C)	oxaloacetic acid
			D)	pantothenic acid

Learning Outcome 4.11

38			Which vitamin is essential to the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?
			A)	B12
			B)	B6
			C)	pantothenic acid
			D)	niacin

Learning Outcome 4.11

39			The following are true of NAD and FAD except which statement?
			A)	are vitamin derivatives
			B)	contain nucleotides
			C)	transport hydrogen
			D)	are in the Kreb cycle

Learning Outcome 4.11

40			In the cytochrome oxidase system, the final acceptor of a pair of electrons is _____.
			A)	cytochrome
			B)	water
			C)	ATP
			D)	oxygen

Learning Outcome 4.11

41			What is oxidized during oxidative phosphorylation?
			A)	carbon dioxide
			B)	hydrogen
			C)	glucose
			D)	citric acid

Learning Outcome 4.12

42			Excess glucose or its end products can be stored as _____ if they are not completely oxidized.
			A)	citrate
			B)	glycogen
			C)	triglycerides
			D)	pyruvate

Learning Outcome 4.12

43			The presence of _____ is an indication that glucose has been completely oxidized.
			A)	water
			B)	ATP
			C)	carbon dioxide
			D)	glycogen polymers

Learning Outcome 4.11

44			The most common form of a lipid that is used or burned for energy is called a _____.
			A)	cholesterol
			B)	fat
			C)	oil
			D)	triglyceride

Learning Outcome 4.1

45			The metabolically most active organ in the body probably is the _____.
			A)	brain
			B)	liver
			C)	skeletal muscle
			D)	heart

Learning Outcome 4.11

46			Glycerol can enter the Kreb cycle if it is converted to _____.
			A)	water
			B)	glucose
			C)	acetyl coenzyme A
			D)	a fatty acid form

Learning Outcome 4.11

47			The potentially harmful chemicals resulting from lipid metabolism are the _____.
			A)	fatty acids
			B)	cholesterol derivatives
			C)	ketones
			D)	acetyl coenzyme A fragments

Learning Outcome 4.1

48			Ketones are molecules that result from _____ metabolism.
			A)	fat
			B)	protein
			C)	carbohydrate
			D)	nucleic acid

Learning Outcome 4.16

49			Which molecule contains the genetic code?
			A)	RNA
			B)	proteins
			C)	DNA
			D)	adenine bases

Learning Outcome 4.14

50			The double helix structure is part of the _____ molecule.
			A)	ribonucleic acid
			B)	DNA
			C)	protein
			D)	glycogen

Learning Outcome 4.14

51			One strand of DNA is connected to the other by the _____.
			A)	phosphate groups
			B)	pentose sugars
			C)	carbon chains
			D)	nitrogen bases

Learning Outcome 4.14

52			The following are DNA bases except which one?
			A)	adenine
			B)	thymine
			C)	uracil
			D)	guanine

Learning Outcome 4.14

53			The base thymine can pair with the base _____.
			A)	thymine
			B)	adenine
			C)	cytosine
			D)	guanine

Learning Outcome 4.19

54			The genetic code is transferred from DNA to _____.
			A)	mRNA
			B)	tRNA
			C)	rRNA
			D)	proteins

Learning Outcome 4.18

55			What is a complimentary mRNA sequence for DNA A, T, C, C, G?
			A)	TAGGC
			B)	UAGGC
			C)	CGUUA
			D)	TACCG

Learning Outcome 4.16

56			A genetic code is a sequence of _____.
			A)	three bases
			B)	three amino acids
			C)	six bases
			D)	tRNA

Learning Outcome 4.19

57			A set of nucleotides called the _____ in RNA recognizes the nucleotide genetic codes of DNA.
			A)	anti-code
			B)	cistron
			C)	codon
			D)	anti-codon

Learning Outcome 4.19

58			What is the anticodon for DNA base sequence ATG?
			A)	TAG
			B)	UAG
			C)	UAC
			D)	AUG

Learning Outcome 4.3

59			Which statement is NOT true about catabolic processes?
			A)	They break down larger molecules into smaller ones.
			B)	They decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
			C)	Water molecules separate bonds, resulting in smaller molecules.
			D)	Dehydration synthesis is involved in catabolic processes.

Learning Outcome 4.8

60			Metabolic pathways are regulated by a(n) ____________ enzyme, which is also often the first enzyme in a series.
			A)	activating
			B)	rate-limiting
			C)	accelerating
			D)	threshold

Learning Outcome 4.24

61			A genetic mutation refers to _________________.
			A)	a missing chromosome only
			B)	a missing or altered nucleotide base or a missing gene
			C)	an effect that is deleterious only
			D)	an effect that is beneficial, at least most of the time

Learning Outcome 4.3

62			Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction?
			A)	synthesis of cholesterol
			B)	production of ketones
			C)	hydrolysis of proteins
			D)	dehydration reactions involving monosaccharides

Learning Outcome 4.11

63			If sufficient oxygen within a cell were available, what would be the end product of glycolysis?
			A)	pyruvic acid
			B)	lactic acid
			C)	phosphoenolpyruvate
			D)	glucose-6-phosphate

Learning Outcome 4.11

64			What are the direct end products of the Citric Acid Cycle?
			A)	carbon dioxide and ATP
			B)	ATP and acetyl-coenzyme-A
			C)	ADP and heat
			D)	citric acid

Learning Outcome 4.11

65			What are the final end products of the electron transport chain?
			A)	ATP and NADH
			B)	ATP and water
			C)	ADP and hydrogen
			D)	ATP and oxygen

Learning Outcome 4.4

66			The first step in the utilization of amino acids for energy is ________which occurs in the liver.
			A)	beta oxidation
			B)	deamination
			C)	hydrolysis
			D)	amino acid synthesis

Learning Outcome 4.13

67			Genes are functional regions found within molecules of ______.
			A)	ribonucleic acid
			B)	adenosine triphosphate
			C)	adenine and guanine
			D)	deoxyribonucleic acid

Learning Outcome 4.19

68			The production of mRNA from a DNA template is termed _____.
			A)	transcription
			B)	translation
			C)	replication
			D)	mutation

Learning Outcome 4.17

69			The base sequence termed the anticodon is found on molecules of _______.
			A)	DNA
			B)	tRNA
			C)	mRNA
			D)	rRNA

Learning Outcome 4.5

70			Most enzymes are derived from some type of protein.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.5

71			Enzymes are catalysts that alter chemical reaction rates by chemically combining with the substrate.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.6

72			During the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex, the enzyme combines with what are termed the specific active sites on the substrate.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.5

73			Humans normally synthesize the proteins and vitamins that are the essential components of enzymes.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.9

74			All biochemical reactions must have some source of energy.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.9

75			Most of the energy in human cells is derived from reactions that require oxygen.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

76			Oxygen will increase the rate of glycolysis.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

77			Carbohydrates could travel down catabolic pathways and result in energy, or anabolic pathways and be stored as glycogen or lipid.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

78			Some of the reactions within a mitochondrion do not require oxygen in order to proceed.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

79			During glycolysis, glucose becomes bound to phosphate in a process called phosphorylation.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.10

80			Glucose is converted to fructose in the beginning of glycolysis.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

81			Cytochrome oxidase refers to a group of Kreb cycle enzymes.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.12

82			It is possible that one could produce body fat from eating excess carbohydrates.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.2

83			There are about 20 amino acids that are considered to be essential and must be obtained from the diet.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.8

84			The direction that metabolic pathways take is directly controlled by the amount of substrate available.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.19

85			The synthesis of mRNA from DNA is called transcription.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.19

86			The synthesis of proteins occurs during the transcription stage of RNA.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

87			The addition of oxygen to a cell during glycolysis will increase the amount of ATP produced by this metabolic pathway.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

88			Most of the ATP energy in the metabolism of glucose is derived from the Kreb's cycle (TCA; Citric Acid Cycle.)
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.5

89			A metabolic pathway consists of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to the formation of a product.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.13

90			The nucleus contains the genes necessary for most of the cell functions.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.23

91			Any change in a DNA sequence is called a mutation and may happen for a number of reasons.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.11

92			Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 4.9

93			An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and five phosphates.
			A)	True
			B)	False