 |
1 | |
External respiration refers to (p. 482) |
| | A) | pulmonary ventilation |
| | B) | ventilation and gas exchange the air and blood |
| | C) | ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport by the blood |
| | D) | everything except cellular respiration |
|
|
2 | |
Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the (p. 482) |
| | A) | tertiary bronchi |
| | B) | bronchioles |
| | C) | terminal bronchioles |
| | D) | respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
3 | |
The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages, except (p. 484) |
| | A) | the trachea |
| | B) | alveolar ducts |
| | C) | tertiary bronchi |
| | D) | terminal bronchioles |
|
|
4 | |
The conducting zone of the respiratory system performs all of the following functions, except (p. 485) |
| | A) | warming the inspired air |
| | B) | exchanging gases with the blood |
| | C) | cleaning the inspired air |
| | D) | humidifying the inspired air |
|
|
5 | |
The space ____ is referred to as a "potential space." (p. 485) |
| | A) | between the parietal and visceral pleurae |
| | B) | between the parietal pleura and intercostal muscles |
| | C) | between the visceral pleura and lung |
| | D) | within the alveoli |
|
|
6 | |
The air pressure within the alveoli is called the (p. 487) |
| | A) | intrapulmonary pressure |
| | B) | transpulmonary pressure |
| | C) | intrapleural pressure |
| | D) | subatmospheric pressure |
|
|
7 | |
____ states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. (p. 487) |
| | A) | LaPlace's law |
| | B) | Dalton's law |
| | C) | Henry's law |
| | D) | Boyle's law |
|
|
8 | |
The ability of the lungs to stretch, is called their ____. (p. 487) |
| | A) | resilience |
| | B) | compliance |
| | C) | capacitance |
| | D) | elasticity |
|
|
9 | |
The tendency of the lungs to get smaller when the stretching force ceases, is called their (p. 488) |
| | A) | resilience |
| | B) | compliance |
| | C) | capacitance |
| | D) | elasticity |
|
|
10 | |
A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as (p. 488) |
| | A) | intrapleural pressure |
| | B) | respiratory distress syndrome |
| | C) | pneumothorax |
| | D) | decompression sickness |
|
|
11 | |
According to ____, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller alveolus into the larger one. (p. 488) |
| | A) | Henry's law |
| | B) | Dalton's law |
| | C) | LaPlace's law |
| | D) | Boyle's law |
|
|
12 | |
The function of the lung surfactant compounds is to (p. 489) |
| | A) | filter impurities from the inspired air. |
| | B) | reduce transpulmonary pressure. |
| | C) | reduce the surface tension in the alveoli. |
| | D) | keep the lungs moist so gas diffusion can occur. |
|
|
13 | |
Lung surfactant is produced by (p. 489) |
| | A) | type I alveolar cells |
| | B) | type II alveolar cells |
| | C) | filtration from the alveolar capillaries |
| | D) | alveolar macrophages |
|
|
14 | |
A deficiency of lung surfactant result in (p. 489) |
| | A) | respiratory distress syndrome |
| | B) | low pulmonary elasticity |
| | C) | pneumothorax |
| | D) | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
|
15 | |
The amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration is called the (p. 493) |
| | A) | residual volume |
| | B) | vital capacity |
| | C) | tidal volume |
| | D) | expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
16 | |
Forceful inspiration of air employs all of the following muscles, except the (p. 491) |
| | A) | scalenes |
| | B) | external intercostals |
| | C) | internal intercostals |
| | D) | diaphragm |
|
|
17 | |
During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 cc of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle. This is called the (p. 493) |
| | A) | inspiratory reserve volume |
| | B) | vital capacity |
| | C) | total lung capacity |
| | D) | tidal volume |
|
|
18 | |
The total minute volume of the lungs is obtained by multiplying the at rest by the number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate). (p. 492) |
| | A) | vital capacity |
| | B) | total lung capacity |
| | C) | tidal volume |
| | D) | inspiratory capacity |
|
|
19 | |
A restrictive lung disorder is most likely to reduce the (p. 494) |
| | A) | vital capacity |
| | B) | forced expiratory volume |
| | C) | residual volume |
| | D) | functional residual capacity |
|
|
20 | |
Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is referred to as a(n) (p. 494) |
| | A) | restrictive lung disorder |
| | B) | pulmonary fibrosis |
| | C) | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| | D) | obstructive lung disorder |
|
|
21 | |
Destruction of pulmonary tissue by protein-digesting enzymes released by alveolar macrophages in people who smoke, for example, is a cause of (p. 495) |
| | A) | asthma |
| | B) | emphysema |
| | C) | pulmonary fibrosis |
| | D) | pneumothorax |
|
|
22 | |
Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the fifth leading cause of death in the United States? (p. 495) |
| | A) | asthma |
| | B) | pneumothorax |
| | C) | bronchitis |
| | D) | anthracosis |
|
|
23 | |
Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance, and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as (p. 495) |
| | A) | anthracosis |
| | B) | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| | C) | asthma |
| | D) | cor pulmonale |
|
|
24 | |
One atmosphere is defined as (p. 496) |
| | A) | 760 torr |
| | B) | 0 mmHg |
| | C) | 3 mmHg |
| | D) | 1 torr |
|
|
25 | |
The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all the following gases, except ____, which makes a comparatively negligible contribution. (p. 496) |
| | A) | nitrogen |
| | B) | hydrogen |
| | C) | oxygen |
| | D) | carbon dioxide |
|
|
26 | |
At an altitude of 8,000 feet the average atmospheric pressure is about 564 mmHg and oxygen is 118 mmHg. The partial pressure of oxygen, or the PO2, is therefore equal to (p. 496) |
| | A) | 0.21 |
| | B) | 21% |
| | C) | 118 mmHg |
| | D) | 446 mmHg |
|
|
27 | |
According to Henry's law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by all of the following factors, except the (p. 498) |
| | A) | solubility of the gas in the liquid |
| | B) | partial pressure of the gas |
| | C) | pH of the liquid |
| | D) | temperature of the liquid |
|
|
28 | |
Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time? (p. 500) |
| | A) | The rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases |
| | B) | The foramen ovale closes |
| | C) | The ductus arteriosus closes |
| | D) | The resistance to blood flow through the lung decreases |
|
|
29 | |
Fibrotic deterioration of the retina leading to blindness can occur as a result of (p. 501) |
| | A) | nitrogen narcosis |
| | B) | decompression sickness |
| | C) | hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
| | D) | carbon dioxide accumulation |
|
|
30 | |
Decompression sickness is due to a sudden reduction in the solubility of ____ in the blood due to a reduction in surrounding air or water pressure. (p. 501) |
| | A) | H2 |
| | B) | CO2 |
| | C) | O2 |
| | D) | N2 |
|
|
31 | |
The rhythmicity center, a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing, is located in the (p. 502) |
| | A) | pleurae |
| | B) | lungs |
| | C) | medulla oblongata |
| | D) | diaphragm |
|
|
32 | |
The rate and depth of respiration are influenced by several sensory and control centers, some of which are listed here. Which of these is located in the pons? (p. 502) |
| | A) | the central chemoreceptors |
| | B) | the apneustic center |
| | C) | the rhythmicity center |
| | D) | the E neurons |
|
|
33 | |
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+) ions result from a reaction of ____ with water.(p. 504) |
| | A) | oxygen |
| | B) | hydrogen |
| | C) | carbon dioxide |
| | D) | carbon monoxide |
|
|
34 | |
Hyperventilation tends to cause (p. 504) |
| | A) | a drop in blood pH |
| | B) | hypercapnia |
| | C) | a substantial increase in the PO2 of the blood |
| | D) | alkalosis |
|
|
35 | |
If a person's PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by ____ rather than by increases in blood PCO2. (p. 505) |
| | A) | hypocapnia |
| | B) | acidosis |
| | C) | hypoxic drive |
| | D) | the Hering-Breuer reflex |
|
|
36 | |
It is very difficult, if not impossible, to voluntarily over-inflate the lungs due to the strong inhibitory effect of (p. 506) |
| | A) | the apneustic center |
| | B) | the Hering-Breuer reflex |
| | C) | hypercapnia |
| | D) | the I neurons |
|
|
37 | |
Oxygen binds to the ____ of deoxyhemoglobin. (p. 507) |
| | A) | alpha chains |
| | B) | beta chains |
| | C) | globin portion |
| | D) | heme groups |
|
|
38 | |
Hemoglobin that is bonded to carbon monoxide and therefore cannot transport oxygen, is called(p. 508) |
| | A) | carboxyhemoglobin |
| | B) | methemoglobin |
| | C) | reduced hemoglobin |
| | D) | carbaminohemoglobin |
|
|
39 | |
At rest, about ____ of the oxyhemoglobin in the arterial blood dissociates (unloads its oxygen) in one pass through the systemic capillaries. (p. 508) |
| | A) | 10-12 % |
| | B) | 20-25 % |
| | C) | 50-60 % |
| | D) | 85-97 % |
|
|
40 | |
The Bohr effect is that hemoglobin (p. 509) |
| | A) | unloads more oxygen at low pH than at high pH. |
| | B) | unloads more carbon dioxide at low pH than at high pH. |
| | C) | has more affinity for oxygen at low pH that at high pH. |
| | D) | unloads more oxygen at high temperatures than at low temperatures. |
|
|
41 | |
When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, red blood cells produce 2,3-DPG. This metabolic product (p. 510) |
| | A) | enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries |
| | B) | makes deoxyhemoglobin less stable |
| | C) | shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left |
| | D) | stimulates the production of more red blood cells |
|
|
42 | |
Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein (globin) part of (p. 511) |
| | A) | hemoglobin A |
| | B) | hemoglobin F |
| | C) | hemoglobin S |
| | D) | methemoglobin |
|
|
43 | |
Myoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin (A) in which of the following ways? (p. 512) |
| | A) | glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain |
| | B) | the two beta chains are replaced by gamma chains |
| | C) | it has two heme groups instead of four |
| | D) | it consists of only a single globin chain and heme group |
|
|
44 | |
Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as (p. 513) |
| | A) | dissolved gas |
| | B) | bicarbonate ion |
| | C) | carbaminohemoglobin |
| | D) | carboxyhemoglobin |
|
|
45 | |
When HCO3- diffuses out of the red blood cells into the plasma in systemic capillaries, ____ diffuses into the RBCs to replace it. (p. 513) |
| | A) | hydrogen ion (H+) |
| | B) | hydroxyl ion (OH-) |
| | C) | chloride ion (Cl-) |
| | D) | CO2 |
|
|
46 | |
If the H+ concentration rises above normal in blood plasma, the excess H+ is neutralized mainly by (p. 514) |
| | A) | hemoglobin |
| | B) | hydroxyl ion |
| | C) | carbonic acid |
| | D) | bicarbonate ion |
|
|
47 | |
Metabolic alkalosis is not common but can result from (p. 515) |
| | A) | hyperventilation |
| | B) | chronic vomiting |
| | C) | uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| | D) | hypoventilation |
|
|
48 | |
The increased pulmonary ventilation that occurs during exercise, is called (p. 516) |
| | A) | tachypnea |
| | B) | hyperventilation |
| | C) | hyperpnea |
| | D) | the Bohr effect |
|
|
49 | |
In prolonged exercise, lactic acid begins to accumulate in the muscles when the ____ is reached.(p. 516) |
| | A) | maximum oxygen uptake |
| | B) | lactate threshold |
| | C) | maximum respiratory rate |
| | D) | vital capacity |
|
2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education