After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the domain of cognitive psychology and the reasons for the "cognitive revolution."
2. Define concept, and distinguish between logical and natural concepts, emphasizing prototypes.
3. Define problem solving, describe and give examples of four problem solving strategies.
4. Explain how mental sets and functional fixedness can interfere with effective problem solving.
5. Define creativity, and describe the characteristics of creative individuals, mentioning the results of a recent study about the inhibition of creativity.
6. Distinguish between divergent and convergent thinking, describe the strengths and weaknesses of the Remote Associates Test in evaluating creative behavior, and summarize what is known about ways to increase creativity.
7. Define decision-making, and explain how the representativeness heuristic, the availability heuristic, and framing effects can all bias our decision-making.
8. Summarize the important developments and issues in the area of artificial intelligence.
9. Define language, list and offer examples of the three characteristics of language that distinguish it from other types of communication.
10. Define grammar and then distinguish among phonemes and morphemes, syntax and semantics, offering examples of each.
11. Explain Chomsky’s concept of transformational grammar, distinguishing between surface structure versus deep structure, and explaining the concept of pragmatics.
12. Describe the stages of language acquisition including key characteristics of each, and then summarize the evidence regarding whether there is a critical period for language acquisition.
13. Compare and contrast the language acquisition theories of B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Noam Chomsky.
14. Explain the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, and summarize the important findings of the classic study evaluating this concept.
15. Summarize the findings regarding the impact of sexist language.
16. Summarize the results of the attempts to teach apes language and describe the nature of the controversy that surrounds recent attempts to do so.