| clique | a group of individuals who have a majority of their contacts with each other
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| liaisons | individuals who are not members of any one group or clique but link persons in one group with persons in another group
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| bridges | persons in groups who have intragroup contacts and also communicate with one or more persons in another group or clique
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| isolates | persons who have little, if any, contact with others
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| group role-classification model | a model that describes functions participants should seek to assume and avoid in groups
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| task roles | group roles designed to help the group achieve its goals
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| maintenance roles | group roles designed to ensure the smooth running of a group
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| self-serving roles | group roles that impede the functioning of a group by preventing members from working together effectively
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| leadership | the ability to influence others
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| designated leader | a person given the authority to exert influence within a group
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| achieved leader | a person who exhibits leadership without being appointed
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| type X leader | a leader who does not trust group members to work and is unconcerned with the personal achievement of group members
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| type Y leader | a leader who displays trust in group members and is concerned with their sense of personal achievement
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| autocratic, or authoritarian, leaders | directive leaders
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| laissez-faire leader | non-directive leader
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| democratic leader | a leader who represents a reasonable compromise between the authoritarian and laissez-faire leader
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| trait theory | a theory of leadership that asserts that certain people are born to lead
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| situational theory | a theory of leadership that asserts that leadership is situation dependent
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| functional theory | a leadership theory which suggests that several members of a group should be ready to lead because various actions are needed to achieve group goals
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| cooperative goal structure | a goal structure in which the members of a group work together to achieve their objectives
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| competitive goal structure | a goal structure in which members hinder one another's efforts to obtain a goal
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| defensive behavior | that which occurs when one perceives a threat
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education