| affective extension of SOP theory (AESOP) | Wagner's view that a UCS elicits separate affective and sensory unconditioned response sequences.
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| analgesia | A reduced sensitivity to painful events.
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| backward blocking | Reduced conditioned response to the second stimulus (CS2) caused when two stimuli (CS1 and CS2) are paired with a UCS, followed by the presentation of only the first stimulus (CS1) with the UCS.
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| behavioral allocation theory | The idea that an animal emits the minimum number of contingent responses in order to obtain the maximum number of reinforcing activities.
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| blisspoint | The free operant level of two responses.
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| comparator theory | The theory that the ability of a particular stimulus to elicit a CR depends upon a comparison of the level of conditioning to that stimulus and to other stimuli paired with the UCS.
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| conditioned emotional reaction | The ability of a CS to elicit emotional reactions as a result of the association of the CS with a painful event.
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| CS preexposure effect | When the presentation of a CS prior to conditioning impairs the acquisition of the conditioned response once the CS is paired with UCS.
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| cue deflation effect | When the extinction of a response to one cue leads to an increased reaction to the other conditioned stimulus.
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| delay-reduction theory | The behavior economic theory that states that overall behavior in a choice task is based on the matching law, while individual choices are determined by which choice produces the shortest delay in the next reinforcer.
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| hyperalgesia | An increased sensitivity to a painful event.
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| hypoalgesia | Lessened sensitivity to a painful event.
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| learned irrelevance | The presentation of a stimulus without a UCS leads to the recognition that the stimulus is irrelevant, stops attention to that stimulus, and impairs conditioning when the stimulus is later paired with the UCS.
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| Mackintosh's attentional view | The idea that animals attend to stimuli that are predictive of biologically significant events (UCSs) and ignore stimuli that are irrelevant.
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| matching law | When an animal has free access to two different schedules of reinforcement, its response is proportional to the level of reinforcement available on each schedule.
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| maximizing law | The goal of behavior in a choice task is to obtain as many reinforcements as possible.
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| momentary maximization theory | The view that the behavior in a choice task is determined by which alternative is perceived as best at that moment in time.
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| overshadowing | In a compound conditioning situation, the prevention of conditioning to one stimulus due to the presence of a more salient or intense stimulus.
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| potentiation | The enhancement of an aversion to a nonsalient stimulus when a salient stimulus is also paired with the UCS.
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| probability-differential theory | Premack's idea that an activity will have reinforcing properties when its probability of occurrence is greater than that of the reinforced behavior.
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| Rescorla-Wagner associative theory | The view that a particular UCS can support only a specific level of conditioning and that when two or more stimuli are paired with a UCS, each stimulus must compete for the associative strength available for conditioning.
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| response deprivation theory | Timberlake and Allison's idea that when a contingency restricts access to an activity, it causes that activity to become a reinforcer.
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| retrospective processing theory | The continual assessment of contingencies, which leads to a reevaluation of prior conditioning of a CS with a UCS.
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| sometimes-opponent process (SOP) theory | Wagner's idea that the CS becomes able to elicit the secondary A2 component of the UCS as the CR, and the A2 component is sometimes the opposite of and sometimes the same as the A1 component.
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| stimulus-substitution theory | Pavlov's view that the pairing of the CS and UCS allows the CS to elicit the UCR as the CR.
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| UCS preexposure effect | The effect caused by exposure to the UCS prior to conditioning; it impairs later conditioning when a CS is paired with that UCS.
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| within-compound association | The association of two stimuli, both paired with a UCS, which leads both to elicit the CR.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education