 |
| 1 | |
In patients with diabetes mellitus, not enough insulin is produced; as a consequence, blood glucose levels increase. If blood glucose levels rise high enough, the kidneys are unable to absorb the glucose from the glomerular filtrate, and glucose "spills over" into the urine. What effect does this glucose have on urine concentration and volume? How does the body adjust to the excess glucose in the urine? |
| | |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
A patient suffering from a tumor in the hypothalamus produces excessive amounts of ADH, a condition called syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) production. For this patient, the excessive ADH production is chronic and has persisted for many months. A student nurse keeps a fluid intake-output record on the patient. She is surprised to find that fluid intake and urinary output are normal. What effect was she expecting? Can you explain why urinary output is normal? |
| | |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
A patient exhibits the following symptoms: elevated urine ammonia and increased rate of respiration. Does the patient have metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis? |
| | |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
Swifty Trotts has an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection that produces severe diarrhea. What does this diarrhea do to his blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate? |
| | |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Acetazolamide is a diuretic that blocks the activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This blockage prevents the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water. Normally, carbonic acid dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-, and the H+ are exchanged for Na+ from the urine. Blocking the formation of H+ in the cells of the nephron tubule blocks sodium reabsorption, thus inhibiting water reabsorption and producing the diuretic effect. With this information in mind, what effect does acetazolamide have on blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate? |
| | |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
As part of a physiology experiment, Hardy Breath, an anatomy and physiology student, is asked to breathe through a 3-foot long glass tube. What effect does this action have on his blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate? |
| | |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
A young girl is suspected of having epilepsy and, therefore, is prone to having convulsions. On the basis of your knowledge of acid-base balance and respiration, propose a hypothetical experiment that might suggest that the girl is susceptible to convulsions. |
| | |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Hardy Explorer climbed to the top of a very high mountain. To celebrate, he drank a glass of whiskey. Alcohol stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach. What do you expect to happen to Hardy's respiratory rate and the pH of his urine? |
| | |
|
|