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Plant Anatomy
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Table of Contents

Preface

The Nature of Plants
     The Uniqueness of Plants
     Geological & Evolutionary History
     The Basic Plant Body
     Groups of Land Plants
     Structural Size Relationships
     Video: Anatomical Research of Fossil Plants

Microscopy & Imaging
     History
     Light Instruments
     Electron Microscopy
     Comparing Microscopies
     Electronically Captured Images
     Confocal Light Microscopy
     Atomic Force Microscope
     The Interactive TEM
     Video: The Transmission Electron Microscope
     Video: The Scanning Electron Microscope

Preparation & Staining Techniques
     Embedding
     Microtomy
     Selective Stains
     Video: Embedding & Sectioning Specimens for Light Microscopy

General Cell Structure
     Plant Cell Ultrastructure
     Membrane Organization
     Plastids
     Mitochondria
     Microbodies
     Endoplasmic Reticulum
     Golgi Apparatus
     Cytoskeleton
     Nucleus

Mitosis, Cytokinesis & Apical Meristems
     Mitosis & Cytokinesis
     Shoot Apical Meristem
     Root Apical Meristem

Cell Walls
     Origin & Structure of Cell Walls
     Pits & Plasmodesmata
     Intercellular Spaces

Parenchyma & Collenchyma
     Parenchyma
     Collenchyma

Sclerenchyma
     Sclereids
     Fibers

Epidermis
     Ground Epidermal Cells
     Cuticle & Epicuticular Waxes
     Trichomes
     Stomata

Vascular Tissues: Xylem
     Vascular Bundles
     Lateral Walls of Tracheary Elements
     Perforation Plates of Vessel Members
     Video: The Evolution of Vessel Elements in Angiosperms

Vascular Tissues: Phloem
     Sieve Elements & Companion Cells
     Primary & Secondary Phloem of Angiosperms
     Conifer Secondary Phloem

Vascular Cambium
     Establishment of Cambium
     Sectional Views of Vascular Cambium
     Ultrastructure of Vascular Cambium
     Anomalous Vascular Cambium Activity

The Root: Primary State of Growth
     Root Tip
     Basic Organization of Roots in Primary Growth
     Endodermis & Casparian Strip
     Lateral Roots

The Root: Secondary Growth & Modifications
     The Basic Organization
     Storage (Fleshy) Roots
     Modifications
     Mycorrhizal Roots

The Stem: Primary & Secondary States of Growth
     External Morphology
     Shoot Apex
     Monocot Stems
     Dicot Stems
     Anomalous Stems

Wood: Taxonomic Variation
     Conifer Woods (Softwoods)
     Dicotyledon Woods (Hardwoods)
     Wood Key
     Video: Pulp & Paper

Periderm
     Origin of Phellogen
     Phellogen Activity & Periderm Development
     Lenticels
     Rhytidome

Secretory Structures
     External Secretory Structures
     Internal Secretory Structures
     Laticifers
     Glands of Insectivorous Plants
     Crystal & Tannin Idioblasts

The Leaf: Basic Organization
     Tissue Organization in Lamina
     Vascularization
     Kranz Anatomy
     Leaf Abscission

The Leaf: Ecological Anatomy
     Sun & Shade Leaves
     Xeromorphic Angiosperm Leaves
     Xeromorphic Gymnosperm Leaves
     Hydromorphic Leaves & Water Storage

Female Reproductive Structures
     Flower Morphology
     Pistil Structure
     Flower & Inflorescence Development
     Ovules: Megasporo- & Megagametogenesis
     Double Fertilization & Capsella Embryogenesis
     Other Embryological Examples

Male Reproductive Structures
     Anther
     Microsporogenesis & Pollen Wall Development
     Microgametogenesis
     Pollen Tube

Fruits, Seeds & Seedlings
     Fruit & Seed Morphology
     Fruit & Seed Anatomy
     Germination & Seedling Morphology

Analytical Plant Anatomy
     X-ray Microanalysis
     Autoradiography
     Freezing
     Enzyme Localization
     Morphometry
     3-D Reconstructions