Brief Table of Contents:

Part I Introduction to Microbiology

1 The History and Scope of Microbiology 1

2 The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation 17

3 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function 39

4 Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function 73

Part II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control

5 Microbial Nutrition 93

6 Microbial Growth 109

7 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents 133

Part III Microbial Metabolism

8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation 149

9 Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation 167

10 Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis 199

Part IV Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics

11 Genes: Structure, Replication, and Mutation 221

12 Genes: Expression and Regulation 253

13 Microbial Recombination and Plasmids 285

Part V DNA Technology and Genomics

14 Recombinant DNA Technology 311

15 Microbial Genomics 335

Part VI The Viruses

16 The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics 351

17 The Viruses: Bacteriophages 371

18 The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes 387

Part VII The Diversity of the Microbial World

19 Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny 409

20 The Archaea 437

21 Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives 453

22 Bacteria: The Proteobacteria 473

23 Bacteria: The Low G 1 C Gram Positives 503

24 Bacteria: The High G 1 C Gram Positives 521

25 The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds 537

26 The Algae 553

27 The Protozoa 565

Part VIII Ecology and Symbiosis

28 Microorganism Interactions and Microbial Ecology 577

29 Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments 615

30 Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments 645

Part IX Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance and the Immune Response

31 Normal Microbiota and Nonspecific (Innate) Host Resistance 673

32 Specific (Adaptive) Immunity 705

33 Medical Immunology 739

Part X Microbial Diseases and Their Control

34 Pathogenicity of Microorganisms 761

35 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 779

36 Clinical Microbiology 799

37 The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease 821

38 Human Diseases Caused by Viruses 845

39 Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria 875

40 Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa 917

Part XI Food and Industrial Microbiology

41 Microbiology of Food 937

42 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 963

Appendices I–V

Appendix I A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules

Appendix II Common Metabolic Pathways

Appendix III Classification of Procaryotes According to the Second Edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Appendix IV Classification of Viruses

Appendix V Recommended Readings

Detailed Table of Contents:

Preface x

Visual Preview xv

About the Authors xxiii

Part I Introduction to Microbiology

1 The History and Scope of Microbiology 1

1.1 The Discovery of Microorganisms 2

1.2 The Conflict over Spontaneous Generation 2

1.3 The Role of Microorganisms in Disease 7

Techniques and Applications 1.1: The Scientific Method 9

Disease 1.2: Molecular Koch‚ Postulates 10

1.4 Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology 11

1.5 Members of the Microbial World 11

1.6 The Scope and Relevance of Microbiology 12

1.7 The Future of Microbiology 14

2 The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation 17

2.1 Lenses and the Bending of Light 18

2.2 The Light Microscope 18

2.3 Preparation and Staining of Specimens 26

2.4 Electron Microscopy 30

2.5 Newer Techniques in Microscopy 35

3 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function 39

3.1 An Overview of Procaryotic Cell Structure 40

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 3.1: Monstrous Microbes 43

3.2 Procaryotic Cell Membranes 44

3.3 The Cytoplasmic Matrix 47

3.4 The Nucleoid 50

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 3.2: Living Magnets 51

3.5 The Procaryotic Cell Wall 52

3.6 Protein Secretion in Procaryotes 59

3.7 Components External to the Cell Wall 61

3.8 Chemotaxis 67

3.9 The Bacterial Endospore 68

4 Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function 73

4.1 An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure 75

4.2 The Cytoplasmic Matrix, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules 76

4.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 78

4.4 The Golgi Apparatus 78

4.5 Lysosomes and Endocytosis 79

4.6 Eucaryotic Ribosomes 82

4.7 Mitochondria 82

4.8 Chloroplasts 84

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 4.1: The Origin of the Eucaryotic Cell 84

4.9 The Nucleus and Cell Division 85

4.10 External Cell Coverings 88

4.11 Cilia and Flagella 88

4.12 Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells 90

Part II Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control

5 Microbial Nutrition 93

5.1 The Common Nutrient Requirements 94

5.2 Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 94

5.3 Nutritional Types of Microorganisms 95

5.4 Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur 96

5.5 Growth Factors 96

5.6 Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell 98

5.7 Culture Media 102

Historical Highlights 5.1: The Discovery of Agar as a Solidifying Agent and the Isolation of Pure Cultures 103

5.8 Isolation of Pure Cultures 104

Techniques and Applications 5.2: The Enrichment and Isolation of Pure Cultures 105

6 Microbial Growth 109

6.1 The Growth Curve 110

6.2 Measurement of Microbial Growth 114

6.3 The Continuous Culture of Microorganisms 117

6.4 The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth 118

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 6.1: Life above 100EC 124

6.5 Microbial Growth in Natural Environments 128

7 Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents 133

7.1 Definition of Frequently Used Terms 134

Techniques and Applications 7.1: Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory 134

7.2 The Pattern of Microbial Death 135

7.3 Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agent Activity 136

7.4 The Use of Physical Methods in Control 136

Techniques and Applications 7.2: Universal Precautions for Microbiology Laboratories 142

7.5 The Use of Chemical Agents in Control 142

7.6 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness 146

Part III Microbial Metabolism

8 Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation 149

8.1 Energy and Work 150

8.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics 151

8.3 Free Energy and Reactions 152

8.4 The Role of ATP in Metabolism 153

8.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Electron Carriers 153

8.6 Enzymes 156

8.7 The Nature and Significance of Metabolic Regulation 160

8.8 Metabolic Channeling 160

8.9 Control of Enzyme Activity 161

9 Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation 167

9.1 An Overview of Metabolism 168

9.2 The Breakdown of Glucose to Pyruvate 171

9.3 Fermentations 174

Historical Highlights 9.1: Microbiology and World War I 177

9.4 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 178

9.5 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 179

9.6 Anaerobic Respiration 185

9.7 Catabolism of Carbohydrates and Intracellular Reserve Polymers 186

9.8 Lipid Catabolism 187

9.9 Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism 188

9.10 Oxidation of Inorganic Molecules 188

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 9.2: Acid Mine Drainage 190

9.11 Photosynthesis 190

10 Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis 199

10.1 Principles Governing Biosynthesis 200

Techniques and Applications 10.1: The Identification of Anabolic Pathways 202

10.2 The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2 202

10.3 Synthesis of Sugars and Polysaccharides 203

10.4 The Assimilation of Inorganic Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Nitrogen 205

10.5 The Synthesis of Amino Acids 209

10.6 Anaplerotic Reactions 209

10.7 The Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides 211

10.8 Lipid Synthesis 214

10.9 Peptidoglycan Synthesis 216

10.10 Patterns of Cell Wall Formation 217

Part IV Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics

11 Genes: Structure, Replication, and Mutation 221

11.1 DNA as Genetic Material 222

11.2 Nucleic Acid Structure 224

Historical Highlights 11.1: The Elucidation of DNA Structure 227

11.3 DNA Replication 229

11.4 The Genetic Code 234

11.5 Gene Structure 235

11.6 Mutations and Their Chemical Basis 239

11.7 Detection and Isolation of Mutants 245

11.8 DNA Repair 248

12 Genes: Expression and Regulation 253

12.1 DNA Transcription or RNA Synthesis 254

Microbial Tidbits 12.1: Catalytic RNA (Ribozymes) 259

12.2 Protein Synthesis 260

12.3 Regulation of mRNA Synthesis 270

Historical Highlights 12.2: The Discovery of Gene Regulation 272

12.4 Attenuation 274

12.5 Global Regulatory Systems 276

12.6 Small RNAs and Regulation 278

12.7 Two-Component Phosphorelay Systems 279

12.8 Control of the Cell Cycle 280

13 Microbial Recombination and Plasmids 285

13.1 Bacterial Recombination: General Principles 286

13.2 Bacterial Plasmids 288

Disease 13.1: Virulence Plasmids 291

13.3 Transposable Elements 291

13.4 Bacterial Conjugation 296

13.5 DNA Transformation 299

13.6 Transduction 301

13.7 Mapping the Genome 306

13.8 Recombination and Genome Mapping in Viruses 307

Part V DNA Technology and Genomics

14 Recombinant DNA Technology 311

14.1 Historical Perspectives 312

14.2 Synthetic DNA 315

14.3 The Polymerase Chain Reaction 316

14.4 Preparation of Recombinant DNA 319

14.5 Cloning Vectors 322

14.6 Inserting Genes into Eucaryotic Cells 326

14.7 Expression of Foreign Genes in Bacteria 327

Techniques and Applications 14.1: Gene Expression and Kittyboo Colors 329

14.8 Applications of Genetic Engineering 329

Techniques and Applications 14.2: Plant Tumors and Nature‚ Genetic Engineer 331

14.9 Social Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology 332

15 Microbial Genomics 335

15.1 Introduction 336

15.2 Determining DNA Sequences 336

15.3 Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing 336

15.4 Bioinformatics 339

15.5 General Characteristics of Microbial Genomes 339

15.6 Functional Genomics 345

15.7 The Future of Genomics 349

Part VI The Viruses

16 The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics 351

16.1 Early Development of Virology 352

Historical Highlights 16.1: Disease and the Early Colonization of America 353

16.2 General Properties of Viruses 353

16.3 The Cultivation of Viruses 353

16.4 Virus Purification and Assays 355

16.5 The Structure of Viruses 358

16.6 Principles of Virus Taxonomy 367

Microbial Tidbits 16.2: The Origin of Viruses 369

17 The Viruses: Bacteriophages 371

17.1 Classification of Bacteriophages 372

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 17.1: An Ocean of Viruses 372

17.2 Reproduction of Double-Stranded DNA Phages: The Lytic Cycle 373

17.3 Reproduction of Single-Stranded DNA Phages 378

17.4 Reproduction of RNA Phages 379

17.5 Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny 380

18 The Viruses: Viruses of Eucaryotes 387

18.1 Classification of Animal Viruses 388

18.2 Reproduction of Animal Viruses 388

Techniques and Applications 18.1: Constructing a Virus 396

18.3 Cytocidal Infections and Cell Damage 398

18.4 Persistent, Latent, and Slow Virus Infections 399

18.5 Viruses and Cancer 400

18.6 Plant Viruses 401

18.7 Viruses of Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa 404

18.8 Insect Viruses 404

18.9 Viroids and Prions 405

Part VII The Diversity of the Microbial World

19 Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny 409

19.1 General Introduction and Overview 410

19.2 Microbial Evolution and Diversity 410

19.3 Taxonomic Ranks 412

19.4 Classification Systems 414

19.5 Major Characteristics Used in Taxonomy 416

19.6 Assessing Microbial Phylogeny 420

19.7 The Major Divisions of Life 423

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 19.1: ‚"Official‚" Nomenclature Lists‚A Letter from Bergey‚ 428

19.8 Bergey‚ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 428

19.9 A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity 431

20 The Archaea 437

20.1 Introduction to the Archaea 438

20.2 Phylum Crenarchaeota 442

20.3 Phylum Euryarchaeota 444

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 20.1: Methanotrophic Archaea 447

Microbial Tidbits 20.2: Photosynthesis in Halobacterium salinarium 450

21 Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives 453

21.1 Aquificae and Thermotogae 454

21.2 Deinococcus-Thermus 455

21.3 Photosynthetic Bacteria 456

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 21.1: The Mechanism of Gliding Motility 461

21.4 Phylum Planctomycetes 464

21.5 Phylum Chlamydiae 464

21.6 Phylum Spirochaetes 466

21.7 Phylum Bacteroidetes 469

22 Bacteria: The Proteobacteria 473

22.1 Class Alphaproteobacteria 474

22.2 Class Betaproteobacteria 482

22.3 Class Gammaproteobacteria 485

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 22.1: Bacterial Bioluminescence 492

22.4 Class Deltaproteobacteria 495

22.5 Class Epsilonproteobacteria 500

23 Bacteria: The Low G 1 C Gram Positives 503

23.1 General Introduction 504

23.2 Class Mollicutes (the Mycoplasmas) 504

23.3 Low G 1 C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey‚ Manual 507

23.4 Class Clostridia 508

Microbial Tidbits 23.1: Spores in Space 509

23.5 Class Bacilli 511

24 Bacteria: The High G 1 C Gram Positives 521

24.1 General Properties of the Actinomycetes 522

24.2 High G 1 C Gram-Positive Bacteria in Bergey‚ Manual 524

24.3 Suborder Actinomycineae 526

24.4 Suborder Micrococcineae 527

24.5 Suborder Corynebacterineae 528

24.6 Suborder Micromonosporineae 529

24.7 Suborder Propionibacterineae 531

24.8 Suborder Streptomycineae 531

24.9 Suborder Streptosporangineae 533

24.10 Suborder Frankineae 533

24.11 Order Bifidobacteriales 534

25 The Fungi (Eumycota), Slime Molds, and Water Molds 537

25.1 Distribution 538

25.2 Importance 539

25.3 Structure 539

25.4 Nutrition and Metabolism 541

25.5 Reproduction 542

25.6 Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions 543

25.7 Slime Molds and Water Molds 548

26 The Algae 553

26.1 Distribution of Algae 555

26.2 Classification of Algae 555

26.3 Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell 556

26.4 Algal Nutrition 556

26.5 Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) 556

26.6 Algal Reproduction 556

26.7 Characteristics of the Algal Divisions 557

Techniques and Applications 26.1: Practical Importance of Diatoms 560

Disease 26.2: Toxic Algal Blooms 562

27 The Protozoa 565

27.1 Distribution 566

27.2 Importance 566

27.3 Morphology 566

27.4 Nutrition 567

27.5 Encystment and Excystment 568

27.6 Locomotory Organelles 568

27.7 Reproduction 568

27.8 Classification 568

27.9 Representative Types 569

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 27.1: The Importance of Foraminiferans 572

Part VIII Ecology and Symbiosis

28 Microorganism Interactions and Microbial Ecology 577

28.1 Foundations of Microbial Ecology 578

28.2 Microbial Interactions 578

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 28.1: Microbial Ecology Versus Environmental Microbiology 579

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 28.2: Coevolution of Animals and Their Gut Microbial Communities 584

28.3 Nutrient Cycling Interactions 593

28.4 The Physical Environment 602

Techniques and Applications 28.3: Thermophilic Microorganisms and Modern Biotechnology 607

28.5 Microbial Ecology and Its Methods: An Overview 607

29 Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments 615

29.1 Aquatic Environments and Microorganisms 616

Disease 29.1: New Agents in Medicine‚The Sea as the New Frontier 617

29.2 The Microbial Community 621

29.3 Marine Environments 624

29.4 Freshwater Environments 628

29.5 Waters and Disease Transmission 630

Techniques and Applications 29.2: Waterborne Diseases, Water Supplies, and Slow Sand Filtration 632

29.6 Wastewater Treatment 636

Disease 29.3: Sewage Sludge: Long-Term Concerns with Land and Water Disposal 641

29.7 Groundwater Quality and Home Treatment Systems 642

30 Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments 645

30.1 Soils as an Environment for Microorganisms 646

30.2 Microorganisms in the Soil Environment 647

30.3 Microorganisms and the Formation of Different Soils 648

30.4 Soil Microorganism Associations with Vascular Plants 651

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 30.1: Mycorrhizae and the Evolution of Vascular Plants 656

30.5 Soils, Plants, and Nutrients 662

Microbial Tidbits 30.2: An Unintended Global-Scale Nitrogen Experiment 664

30.6 Soils, Plants, and the Atmosphere 664

Techniques and Applications 30.3: Keeping Inside Air Fresh with Soil Microorganisms 665

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 30.4: Soils, Termites, Intestinal Microbes, and Atmospheric Methane 666

30.7 Microorganisms and Plant Decomposition 666

30.8 The Subsurface Biosphere 667

30.9 Soil Microorganisms and Human Health 669

30.10 Understanding Microbial Diversity in the Soil 670

Part IX Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance and the Immune Response

31 Normal Microbiota and Nonspecific (Innate) Host Resistance 673

31.1 Gnotobiotic Animals 674

31.2 Normal Microbiota of the Human Body 675

Techniques and Applications 31.1: Probiotics for Humans and Animals 679

31.3 Overview of Host Resistance 680

31.4 Cells, Tissues, and Organs of the Immune System 681

31.5 Physical and Chemical Barriers in Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance 685

31.6 Inflammation 688

31.7 The Complement System 691

31.8 Phagocytosis 693

31.9 Cytokines 697

31.10 Natural Killer Cells 700

32 Specific (Adaptive) Immunity 705

32.1 Overview of Specific (Adaptive) Immunity 706

32.2 Antigens 708

32.3 Antibodies 710

Techniques and Applications 32.1: Immunotoxins 721

32.4 T-Cell Biology 721

Techniques and Applications 32.2: Donor Selection for Tissue or Organ Transplants 724

32.5 B-Cell Biology 728

32.6 Action of Antibodies 731

32.7 The Classical Complement Pathway 734

32.8 Acquired Immune Tolerance 734

32.9 Summary: The Role of Antibodies and Lymphocytes in Resistance 734

33 Medical Immunology 739

33.1 Vaccines and Immunizations 740

Historical Highlights 33.1: The First Immunizations 740

33.2 Immune Disorders 744

33.3 Antigen-Antibody Interactions In Vitro 751

Techniques and Applications 33.2: History and Importance of Serotyping 757

Part X Microbial Diseases and Their Control

34 Pathogenicity of Microorganisms 761

34.1 Host-Parasite Relationships 762

34.2 Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases 764

34.3 Pathogenesis of Bacterial Diseases 765

Techniques and Applications 34.1: Detection and Removal of Endotoxins 774

34.4 Microbial Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses 775

35 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 779

35.1 The Development of Chemotherapy 780

Techniques and Applications 35.1: The Use of Antibiotics in Microbiological Research 781

35.2 General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs 781

35.3 Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity 783

35.4 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents 784

35.5 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Drugs 786

35.6 Antibacterial Drugs 787

35.7 Drug Resistance 792

Disease 35.2: Antibiotic Misuse and Drug Resistance 793

35.8 Antifungal Drugs 795

35.9 Antiviral Drugs 796

36 Clinical Microbiology 799

36.1 Specimens 800

Techniques and Applications 36.1: Universal Precautions for Health-Care Professionals 802

36.2 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens 804

Techniques and Applications 36.2: Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Microbiology 813

36.3 Susceptibility Testing 817

36.4 Computers in Clinical Microbiology 817

37 The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease 821

37.1 Epidemiological Terminology 822

Historical Highlights 37.1: John Snow‚The First Epidemiologist 822

37.2 Measuring Frequency: The Epidemiologist‚ Tools 823

37.3 Infectious Disease Epidemiology 823

37.4 Recognition of an Infectious Disease in a Population 824

37.5 Recognition of an Epidemic 824

Historical Highlights 37.2: ‚"Typhoid Mary‚" 825

37.6 The Infectious Disease Cycle: Story of a Disease 827

Historical Highlights 37.3: The First Indications of Person-to-Person Spread of an Infectious Disease 831

37.7 Virulence and the Mode of Transmission 832

37.8 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Pathogens 832

Disease 37.4: The SARS Epidemic of 2003 835

37.9 Control of Epidemics 837

37.10 The Emerging Threat of Bioterrorism 838

Historical Highlights 37.5: 1346‚The First Recorded Biological Warfare Attack 838

37.11 Global Travel and Health Considerations 839

37.12 Nosocomial Infections 840

38 Human Diseases Caused by Viruses 845

38.1 Airborne Diseases 846

Disease 38.1: Reye‚ and Guillain-Barr√© Syndromes 849

38.2 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 852

Disease 38.2: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers‚A Microbial History Lesson 853

38.3 Direct Contact Diseases 855

38.4 Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases 868

Historical Highlights 38.3: A Brief History of Polio 870

38.5 Slow Virus and Prion Diseases 870

38.6 Other Diseases 871

39 Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria 875

39.1 Airborne Diseases 876

39.2 Arthropod-Borne Diseases 885

Historical Highlights 39.1: The Hazards of Microbiological Research 885

39.3 Direct Contact Diseases 889

Disease 39.2: Biofilms 897

Disease 39.3: Resistant Staphylococci 900

Historical Highlights 39.4: A Brief History of Syphilis 902

39.4 Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases 905

Techniques and Applications 39.5: Clostridial Toxins as Therapeutic Agents‚Benefits of Nature‚ Most Toxic Proteins 908

39.5 Sepsis and Septic Shock 911

39.6 Dental Infections 911

40 Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protozoa 917

40.1 Fungal Diseases 918

Disease 40.1: The Emergence of Candidiasis 925

40.2 Protozoan Diseases 926

Disease 40.2: A Brief History of Malaria 930

Part XI Food and Industrial Microbiology

41 Microbiology of Food 937

41.1 Microorganism Growth in Foods 938

41.2 Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage 940

41.3 Controlling Food Spoilage 943

Historical Highlights 41.1: An Army Travels on Its Stomach 944

41.4 Food-Borne Diseases 946

Historical Highlights 41.2: Typhoid Fever and Canned Meat 947

41.5 Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens 949

41.6 Microbiology of Fermented Foods 951

Techniques and Applications 41.3: Starter Cultures, Bacteriophage Infections, and Plasmids 951

41.7 Microorganisms as Foods and Food Amendments 958

42 Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 963

42.1 Choosing Microorganisms for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 964

Techniques and Applications 42.1: The Potential of Thermophilic Archaea in Biotechnology 965

42.2 Microorganism Growth in Controlled Environments 970

42.3 Major Products of Industrial Microbiology 974

42.4 Microbial Growth in Complex Natural Environments 979

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 42.2: Methanogens‚A New Role for a Unique Microbial Group 981

Microbial Diversity and Ecology 42.3: A Fungus with a Voracious Appetite 985

42.5 Biotechnological Applications 986

Techniques and Applications 42.4: Streptavidin-Biotin Binding and Biotechnology 987

42.6 Impacts of Microbial Biotechnology 990

Appendices

Appendix I A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules A-1

Appendix II Common Metabolic Pathways A-11

Appendix III Classification of Procaryotes According to the Second Edition of Bergey‚ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology A-19

Appendix IV Classification of Viruses A-28

Appendix V Recommended Readings A-38

Glossary G-1

Credits C-1

Index I-1