Choose the best answer

1			A majority of the microorganisms associated with the human body are
			A)	protozoa.
			B)	bacteria.
			C)	fungi.
			D)	viruses.
			E)	parasites.
2			The dynamics of the microorganisms associated with the human body are most commonly to be all of the following EXCEPT
			A)	symbiotic.
			B)	mutualistic.
			C)	pathogenic.
			D)	commensalistic.
			E)	None of the above.
3			Germfree animals are almost completely resistant to the intestinal protozoan that causes amebic dysentery because of
			A)	a thin intestinal wall.
			B)	a low antibody titer.
			C)	a lower metabolic rate.
			D)	the absence of a bacterial food source.
			E)	a reduced cardiac input.
4			A pimple contains all BUT the following
			A)	sebun.
			B)	keratin.
			C)	viruses.
			D)	bacteria.
			E)	lipases.
5			Which genus of bacterium contributes to plaque, caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease?
			A)	Streptococcus
			B)	Staphylococcus
			C)	Bacillus
			D)	Escherichia
			E)	Proteus
6			The stomach usually contains a very low concentration of bacteria due to
			A)	the neutral pH.
			B)	the high pH.
			C)	the low pH.
			D)	the high turnover rate of contents.
			E)	the inhibitory action of bile.
7			Disruptive factors to microbial status quo in the intestine include all BUT
			A)	stress.
			B)	desquamation of epithelial cells.
			C)	change in altitude.
			D)	starvation.
			E)	parasitic organisms.
8			Probiotics exhibit all BUT the following characteristics:
			A)	Nontoxic and nonpathogenic to host
			B)	Have beneficial effect on host
			C)	Mimic antibiotics
			D)	Remain viable for a long time
			E)	Withstand acidic nature of host’s stomach
9			Which of the following may result in an immunocompromised host?
			A)	Alcoholism
			B)	Diabetes
			C)	Cancer
			D)	All of the above
			E)	None of the above
10			Lymphocytes are the major cells of the specific immune system, including
			A)	T cells.
			B)	B cells.
			C)	Natural killer cells.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
11			Macrophages have all the following properties EXCEPT
			A)	Are derived from granulocytes
			B)	May be larger than monocytes
			C)	Have a plasma membrane covered with ruffles or microvilli
			D)	Possess receptors for carbohydrates not normally exposed on the cells of vertebrates
			E)	None of the above
12			Which of the following corresponds to secondary lymphoid tissue?
			A)	Thymus
			B)	Bone marrow
			C)	Spleen
			D)	Lymph nodes
			E)	None of the above
13			The complement system aids the host defense by
			A)	Mediating inflammation
			B)	Attracting phagocytic cells
			C)	Activating phagocytic cells
			D)	All of the above
			E)	None of the above
14			The complement system acts in a _________ fashion, amplifying the response.
			A)	synergistic
			B)	cascade
			C)	avalanche
			D)	classical
			E)	mutualistic'
15			Phagocytosis DOES NOT involve
			A)	Lectin-carbohydrate interactions
			B)	Protein-protein interactions
			C)	Hydrophobic interactions
			D)	Hygroscopic interactions
			E)	Phagolysosomes
16			Which of the following is a generic term for a protein or glycoprotein released by one cell population that acts as an intercellular mediator?
			A)	Cytokine
			B)	Monokine
			C)	Lymphokine
			D)	Interleukin
			E)	Colony-stimulating factor