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1 | |
The first time Kendra sees a dog, she notices that it has four legs. The second time she see a dog, she observes that it has a tail. The third time, she notices that the dog pants. This description of perceptual learning best fits which of the following theories?
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| | A) | Differentiation theory
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| | B) | Composition theory
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| | C) | Enrichment theory
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| | D) | Discrimination theory
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2 | |
Why might four-year-old Briana not receive much educational benefit from watching Big Bird on Sesame Street?
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| | A) | The Sesame Street lessons need to be more challenging to keep her attention.
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| | B) | She is more likely to pay attention to Big Bird’s appearance rather than what he is saying.
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| | C) | Four-year-old children rarely become fully engaged in television programs.
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| | D) | The Sesame Street information is too important to Briana who prefers silly, meaningless stories.
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3 | |
All of the following have been proposed explanations for the developmental increase in children’s digit span memory EXCEPT
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| | A) | older children are more adept at using rehearsal strategies.
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| | B) | older children use strategies more automatically and thus, have more processing space available.
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| | C) | older children simply have a larger short-term memory capacity.
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| | D) | older children may use chunking strategies.
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4 | |
Flavell and colleagues found that children spontaneously used rehearsal strategies as they became older. Such findings support the notion that young children fail to use strategies due to a(n)
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| | A) | elaboration deficiency.
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| | B) | mediational deficiency.
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| | C) | memory deficiency.
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| | D) | production deficiency.
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5 | |
Organizing information into categories to facilitate memory for the items is called
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| | A) | elaboration.
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| | B) | semantic organization.
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| | C) | categorical organization.
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| | D) | hierarchical grouping.
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6 | |
This strategy is unique in that it helps people remember despite increasing the amount of information to be remembered
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| | A) | hierarchical grouping.
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| | B) | semantic organization.
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| | C) | elaboration.
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| | D) | world knowledge.
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7 | |
In a given domain, experts typically remember more items than novices because experts
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| | A) | use keyword strategies.
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| | B) | use elaboration to a greater extent.
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| | C) | have more world knowledge.
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| | D) | have more sophisticated rehearsal strategies.
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8 | |
Research in the area of eyewitness testimony has shown that children may not be reliable witnesses because
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| | A) | they feel that most problems are their own fault.
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| | B) | they are susceptible to suggestions by others.
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| | C) | interviewing lawyers are not very supportive.
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| | D) | they often confuse reality and make-believe.
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9 | |
According to the text’s section on problem solving, children seem to be able to competently perform routine behaviors because they
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| | A) | can reason using analogies.
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| | B) | learn by imitation.
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| | C) | form scripts.
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| | D) | understand cause/effect relationships.
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10 | |
Which principle of counting states that all other counting principles apply to any set of items to be counted?
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| | A) | Cardinal principle
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| | B) | One-one principle
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| | C) | Stable-order principle
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| | D) | Abstraction principle
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11 | |
The intake of information from the surrounding environment, and the way each of us gives this information meaning, are referred to as
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| | A) | sensation.
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| | B) | perception
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| | C) | learning.
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| | D) | development.
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12 | |
A child’s ability to gain increasing amounts of information from a situation results from developmental interaction between
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| | A) | perceptual capabilities and attentional strategies.
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| | B) | education opportunities and biological maturation
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| | C) | learning experiences and reinforcement history.
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| | D) | cognition and social interaction.
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13 | |
The two main theories that address the ways experience affects perceptual learning and development are
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| | A) | enrichment theory and differentiation theory.
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| | B) | information-processing theory and cognitive development theory.
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| | C) | feature detection theory and attention theory.
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| | D) | existential theory and diffusion theory.
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14 | |
Which theory advocates the belief that experience helps add information to an existing schema, thereby allowing the existing schema to become more detailed and elaborate?
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| | A) | Information-processing
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| | B) | Feature-detection
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| | C) | Differentiation
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| | D) | Enrichment
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15 | |
Miller and Wiess (1981) found through their use of an incidental learning task that
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| | A) | older and younger children had equal recall of the target objects.
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| | B) | older children had better recall of irrelevant information than of target objects
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| | C) | younger children had about the same amount of recall for irrelevant information and target objects.
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| | D) | younger children were able to filter out the irrelevant aspects of the situation.
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16 | |
Which of the following areas of memory does not tend to show improvement with development?
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| | A) | Basic physiological structures of memory
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| | B) | Strategies or actions that enhance the transfer of information to long-term memory
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| | C) | Basic capacity in short-term memory
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| | D) | World knowledge or the larger context of knowledge
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17 | |
Little Wayne is 5 years old. His older sister, Sonya, is testing Wayne’s memory by asking him to learn Grandma’s phone number. Wayne has tried numerous times but can’t seem to remember all the digits. Given Wayne’s age, how many of the numbers can he probably recall from STM?
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| | A) | 2
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| | B) | 4
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| | C) | 6
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| | D) | 8
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18 | |
Scripts help to make behavior
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| | A) | problematic.
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| | B) | automatic.
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| | C) | habitual.
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| | D) | reflective.
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19 | |
Which of the following principles of numeric reasoning is defined as “each object should be counted once and only once”?
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| | A) | Stable-order
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| | B) | One-one
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| | C) | Two-one principle
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| | D) | Order-abstraction
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20 | |
Which of the following is not a type of metacognitive knowledge?
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| | A) | Knowledge about tasks
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| | B) | Knowledge about the self
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| | C) | Knowledge about strategies
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| | D) | Knowledge about language
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