| identification | The Freudian notion that children acquire gender identity by identifying with and imitating their same-sex parents.
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| gender-based beliefs | Ideas and expectations about what is appropriate behavior for males and females.
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| gender stereotypes | Beliefs that members of a culture hold about how females and males ought to behave; that is, what behaviors are acceptable and appropriate for each.
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| gender roles | Composites of the behaviors actually exhibited by a typical male or female in a given culture; the reflection of a gender stereotype in everyday life.
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| gender identity | The perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine.
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| gender-role preferences | Desires to possess certain gender-typed characteristics.
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| expressive characteristics | Presumably typical of females, these characteristics include nurturance and concern with feelings.
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| instrumental characteristics | Presumably typical of males, these characteristics include task and occupation orientation.
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| cognitive developmental theory of gender typing | Kohlberg's theory that children use physical and behavioral clues to differentiate gender roles and to gender-type themselves very early in life.
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| gender stability | The notion that gender does not change; males remain male and females remain female.
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| gender constancy | The awareness that superficial alterations in appearance or activity do not alter gender.
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| gender-schema theory | The notion that children develop schemas, or naive theories, that help them organize and structure their experience related to gender differences and gender roles.
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| self-socialization | The child's spontaneous adoption of gender-appropriate behavior.
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| androgynous | Possessing both feminine and masculine psychological characteristics.
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| multischematic | Possessing more than one cultural schema for responding to the environment as well as criteria for deciding what schema to use in a particular situation.
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