Choose the best answer.

1		Human genes are not always readily produced by bacteriA. Which of the following modifications can be useful?
			A)	Inserting a cDNA sequence rather than the entire gene.
			B)	Inserting a synthetic DNA sequence if the coding region is very short.
			C)	Production of a hybrid or fusion protein.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
2		Prior to production of recombinant human insulin, diabetic patients could use insulin isolated from cattle. Which of the listed items would not be a drawback to this procedure?
			A)	Insulin from cattle is slightly different from human insulin, potentially leading to allergic reactions.
			B)	Members of some religions consider cattle sacred and thus are unable to use insulin isolated from cattle.
			C)	Infectious diseases may be transferred in the isolated insulin.
			D)	Despite the relatively stable supply of cattle pancreases from slaughter houses, insulin isolated from cattle is still relatively expensive and in somewhat limited supply.
			E)	None of these; all are drawbacks to use of cattle insulin.
3		Bacteria that are unable to synthesize chemicals that allow formation of ice crystals have been engineereD. Commercial fruit farmers can spray this bacterial strain on their fruit plants, with the idea that they will compete with unmodified bacteria and reduce frost damage. This is an example of:
			A)	Bioremediation.
			B)	Biological control.
			C)	Biodegradation.
			D)	Bioeradication.
4		Recombinant microorganisms are fundamentally different from nonrecombinant strains.
			A)	True
			B)	False
5		Which of these is an example of biodegradation?
			A)	A strain of bacteria chemically captures heavy metal ions into chemical compounds.
			B)	A population of microorganisms metabolized toluene from a massive leak of jet fuel in Hanahan, SC into carbon dioxide and other small molecules, reducing toluene levels from over 5,000 parts per billion to undetectable levels.
			C)	Naturally occurring microorganisms in Picatinny, NJ and other sites are able to dechlorinate common industrially produced contaminants such as trichloroethane, generating a nontoxic compound.
			D)	All of these are biodegradation.
			E)	None of these are biodegradation.
6		Transgenic organisms contain recombinant DNA integrated into their genome.
			A)	True
			B)	False
7		In gene knockout technology:
			A)	A gene is inserted by nonhomologous recombination.
			B)	A mutant gene is replaced by a functional copy.
			C)	A functional gene is replaced by a mutant copy.
			D)	A functional gene is inserted in addition to the mutant copy.
8		To generate a gene knockout, which of the following is required?
			A)	A method for screening to verify insertion of the cloned gene.
			B)	Regions of homology between the cloned gene and the target gene.
			C)	A method to verify that the ends of the cloned gene were removed due to homologous recombination rather than nonhomologous recombination.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
9		The ability to grow embryonic stem cells in the laboratory has made gene replacement technology in mammals feasible.
			A)	True
			B)	False
10		Some chimeric animals may not produce offspring carrying the gene replacement, while other chimeric animals with the same gene replacement can easily produce offspring carrying the gene replacement. Why?
			A)	Mosaic animals are unable to produce offspring.
			B)	The gene replacement prevents correct gamete formation.
			C)	Some chimeras have a germline entirely composed of cells from the blastocyst rather than the modified cells.
			D)	Some chimeras have a germline entirely composed of modified cells rather than cells from the blastocyst.
11		Which of the following explains why production of transgenic plants is easier than production of transgenic animals?
			A)	Plant cells can grow in cell culture.
			B)	Plant cells have a lower number of potentially lethal genes.
			C)	Plant cells are totipotent.
			D)	Production of mutant plants poses less ethical dilemmas than production of mutant animals.
			E)	None of these.
12		Which of the following groups of individuals could be considered to be clones?
			A)	Fraternal twins.
			B)	Several strawberry plants that grew from runners from the same parent.
			C)	Littermates from an inbred strain of mice.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
13		What process causes shortening of telomeres during cell division?
			A)	DNA synthesis.
			B)	Exonuclease removal of primers.
			C)	Ligation of DNA fragments.
			D)	Telomerase activity.
14		Identify the best description of a stem cell.
			A)	A cell that has differentiated into a specialized cell type.
			B)	A cell that is capable of division.
			C)	A cell that remains undifferentiated.
			D)	A cell that can grow in cell culture.
15		A pluripotent cell is capable of dividing and differentiating into every type of cell in the adult, and thus can form a new individual.
			A)	True
			B)	False
16		Which of these is an example of an adult stem cell?
			A)	A red blood cell.
			B)	A neuron.
			C)	A cell from a blastocyst.
			D)	Skin cells that produce new epithelial layers.
17		Knockout mice can serve as model organisms for study of human disease.
			A)	True
			B)	False
18		Which of these uses of transgenic technology is not directly relevant to agricultural applications?
			A)	Production of a pharmaceutical protein in goat's milk.
			B)	Production of salmon that grow all year round instead of just in warm weather.
			C)	Production of soybean plants that are resistant to herbicides.
			D)	Production of "super mice" that carry the human growth hormone gene.
19		How many different bands would you expect an individual to have in a VNTR test?
			A)	Two.
			B)	Between 20 and 40.
			C)	Up to 100.
			D)	Thousands.
20		How many different bands would expect an individual to have for a particular STR?
			A)	One.
			B)	Two.
			C)	Up to 20.
			D)	20 to 100.
21		DNA fingerprinting provides information about predisposition for genetic disease.
			A)	True
			B)	False
22		Which of these is an accurate description of gene therapy?
			A)	A form of site directed mutagenesis.
			B)	Introduction of cloned genes into living cells to cure disease.
			C)	Cloning of a disease gene in order to understand the disease.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
23		Diseases amenable to treatment by gene therapy:
			A)	Must be relatively mild.
			B)	Must be caused by a defect in cells that are clinically accessible.
			C)	Must have other types of treatments available in case gene therapy fails.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
24		Gene therapy by gene addition is best able to treat diseases in which a gene function is missing.
			A)	True
			B)	False