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  1. Uses of Microorganisms in Biotechnology
    1. Somatostatin was the first human peptide hormone produced by recombinant bacteria
    2. Many important medicines are produced by recombinant microorganisms
    3. Bacterial species can be used as biological control agents
    4. The release of recombinant microorganisms into the environment is sometimes controversial
    5. Microorganisms can reduce environmental pollutants
  2. New Methods for Genetically Manipulating Plants and Animals
    1. The integration of a cloned gene into a chromosome can result in gene addition or gene replacement
    2. Molecular biologists can produce mice that contain gene replacements
    3. Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to make transgenic plants
    4. Researchers have succeeded in cloning mammals from somatic cells
    5. Stem cells have the ability to divide and differentiate into different cell types
  3. Applications of Transgenic Plants and Animals
    1. Gene replacements in mice can be used to understand gene function and human disease
    2. Biotechnology holds promise in producing transgenic livestock
    3. Transgenic plants can be given characteristics that are agriculturally useful
  4. DNA Fingerprinting
    1. DNA fingerprinting provides a unique banding pattern for every individual
    2. DNA fingerprinting is used for identification and relationship testing
  5. Human Gene Therapy
    1. Gene therapy involves the introduction of cloned genes into human cells
    2. Adenosine deaminase deficiency was the first inherited disease treated with gene therapy
    3. Aerosol sprays may be used to treat cystic fibrosis







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