Choose the best answer.

1		The gene pool is the variety of alleles of a particular gene present in a given species.
			A)	True
			B)	False
2		Subpopulations (also known as local populations) are:
			A)	Subsets of a population whose individuals are more likely to mate with each other than with other members of the general population.
			B)	Often separated by a geographic barrier.
			C)	Able to mate with other members of the same general population.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
3		Which of these is the best example of two individuals from the same population?
			A)	A Siberian hawk owl and a mouse that occupy the same area of the Siberian steppes.
			B)	Two large-mouth bass fish that occupy the same lake in Minnesota, USA.
			C)	Two dingos living several hundred miles apart in the Outback, Australia.
			D)	A ginko tree in its native China and a ginko tree in downtown Ames, Iowa, USA.
			E)	None of these pairs of individuals are from the same population.
4		Which of these genes would be polymorphic?
			A)	In Caucasians of European descent, the mutant allele that causes cystic fibrosis is present in about 1/20 individuals.
			B)	Alleles used for tissue typing in the African cheetah are identical in all members of the population.
			C)	In a population of sea urchins in the Atlantic Ocean, isocitrate dehydrogenase has two allozymes, one of which is present at 0.5% frequency.
			D)	None of these are examples of polymorphic genes.
			E)	All of these are examples of polymorphic genes.
5		In most natural populations, many genes are polymorphic.
			A)	True
			B)	False
6		In a population of Drosophila, 200 individuals have bright red eyes and are homozygous for the wild type allele of a specific gene, 28 individuals have bright red eyes and are heterozygous at that locus, and 13 individuals have dull brown eyes and are homozygous for a mutant version of the gene. What is the homozygous recessive genotype frequency?
			A)	0.05
			B)	0.11
			C)	0.17
			D)	0.83
			E)	0.95
7		Which of these is not one of the requirements for presence of an equilibrium in allele frequencies in a population?
			A)	Large population size.
			B)	No new mutations in the gene of interest.
			C)	No natural selection for the gene of interest.
			D)	Mate selection based on phenotype of interest.
			E)	None of these (all are requirements).
8		Albinism in humans is controlled by a single gene. You observe a population of humans where 82% are albino and the rest are normally pigmented. Which trait is recessive?
			A)	Normal pigmentation.
			B)	Albino pigmentation.
			C)	Neither; these alleles are codominant.
			D)	There is not enough information to determine which trait is recessive.
9		Albinism in humans is controlled by a single gene, and is recessive. You observe a population of humans where 82% are albino and the rest are normally pigmented. What is the allelic frequency of the dominant allele?
			A)	0.094
			B)	0.088
			C)	0.170
			D)	0.180
			E)	0.820
10		Inbreeding is extremely rare in humans.
			A)	True
			B)	False
11		You have an acquaintance that is extremely self centered and stubborn. She is currently separated from her fourth husband. All of her husbands have also been self centered and stubborn. This would be an extreme example of:
			A)	Assortative mating.
			B)	Disassortative mating.
			C)	Inbreeding.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
12		A coefficient of inbreeding:
			A)	Measures the frequency with which inbreeding occurs in a particular population.
			B)	Indicates the difference between expected genotypic frequencies and those observed in an inbreeding population.
			C)	Indicates the frequency with which an inbred individual will be homozygous due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
13		What affect will inbreeding tend to have on genotypic frequencies in a population?
			A)	It will increase the frequency of genotypes that produce a dominant phenotype.
			B)	It will decrease the frequency of genotypes that produce a dominant phenotype.
			C)	It will increase the frequency of homozygous genotypes.
			D)	It will increase the frequency of heterozygous genotypes.
			E)	It will have no effect on genotypic frequencies.
14		It is estimated that humans, on average, carry 7 deleterious recessive alleles in the heterozygous state. Since any individual deleterious recessive allele is very rare, diseases caused by these mutations are also very rare except in cases of inbreeding. In the case of inbreeding, you would expect the frequency of such a disease to be equal to the coefficient of inbreeding.
			A)	True
			B)	False
15		Which of these might be considered a neutral mutation?
			A)	A mutation in the wobble base of a lysine codon of the gene for an essential metabolic protein.
			B)	A nonsense mutation in a gene required for correct assembly of the cytoskeleton.
			C)	A mutation in an intron splice recognition site in a unique aminoacyltransferase.
			D)	All of these might be considered neutral mutations.
			E)	None of these could be considered neutral mutations.
16		Mutation rates are generally too low to have a significant effect on allele frequencies.
			A)	True
			B)	False
17		Random genetic drift in small isolated subpopulations of desert toads:
			A)	Could create subspecies monomorphic for different coat color alleles.
			B)	Could lead to a loss of genetic diversity in one subpopulation.
			C)	Could interact with new mutations to produce one subpopulation that is very different than the others.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
18		A critical fact underlying both the bottleneck and founder effects is:
			A)	Large populations tend to have less genetic diversity than small populations.
			B)	Small populations tend to have less genetic diversity than large populations.
			C)	Alleles in small populations are less likely to become fixed than those in large populations.
			D)	New mutations are more common in small populations than large populations.
19		Which of these (rather bizarre) scenarios would illustrate the founder effect?
			A)	An outbreak of SARS decimates the population of China, leaving behind only those few resistant to infection or lucky enough to be caught in the first wave while hospital care was still available.
			B)	A spaceship lands on Earth, collects several families from rural Kentucky, and transports them to a new planet to start a colony.
			C)	Society's obsession with ultra-thin women has progressed to the point where most successful women remain thin by hiring surrogate females to gestate a zygote created from their oocyte and donor sperm. However, surrogate females with broad "child bearing" hips are in short supply, and the frequency of difficulty in childbirth is increasing.
			D)	All of these illustrate the founder effect.
			E)	None of these illustrate the founder effect.
20		Which of these factors probably most influenced the frequency of hemophilia in the royal families of Europe?
			A)	Restriction of marriage partners of royalty to other royals.
			B)	Differential access to medical care.
			C)	Differential mutation rates.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
21		Which of these is not a mode of natural selection?
			A)	Stabilizing selection.
			B)	Disruptive selection.
			C)	Operational selection.
			D)	Directional selection.
22		Which of these individuals would show a higher Darwinian fitness?
			A)	A female sparrow that attracts a large number of mates.
			B)	A female sparrow that lays a large number of eggs.
			C)	A female sparrow that hatches a large number of offspring.
			D)	A female sparrow that lives an unusually long life.
23		A selection coefficient:
			A)	Relates to the effect of an allele on an individual.
			B)	Measures the selection against a particular genotype.
			C)	Can be calculated from the variation from the expected Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
24		In a balanced polymorphism:
			A)	Selection against a homozygous recessive condition may not lead to a reduction in allele frequency.
			B)	Migration between members of a diverse population counteracts directional selection.
			C)	Increased reproductive success of heterozygous individuals may not change allele frequencies.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.
25		Directional selection will lead to fixation of beneficial alleles.
			A)	True
			B)	False
26		Which of these illustrates genetic load in a population?
			A)	Individuals homozygous for a recessive lethal allele do not survive to reproductive age.
			B)	A native species of tree from Florida is unlikely to survive after being transplanted to Wisconsin.
			C)	Allele frequencies are expected to remain constant in the absence of selection.
			D)	All of these.
			E)	None of these.