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Study Outline
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  1. Genes in Populations
    1. A population is a group of interbreeding individuals who share a gene pool
    2. Some genes are monomorphic, and others are polymorphic
    3. Population genetics is concerned with allele and genotype frequencies
  2. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
    1. The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to calculate genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies
    2. Nonrandom mating may occur in natural and human populations
  3. Factors that Change Allele Frequencies in Populations
    1. Mutations provide the source of genetic variation
    2. In small populations, allele frequencies can be altered by random genetic drift
    3. Migrations between two populations can alter allele frequencies
    4. Natural selection favors the survival of the fittest
    5. Balanced polymorphisms may exist due to heterozygote superiority or heterogeneous environments
    6. Industrial melanism in the moth Biston betularia is a modern example of natural selection
    7. Genetic Load Is the Negative Consequence Of Genetic Variation





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