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| genome gene expression transcription translation central dogma of biology operon Francois Jacob Jacques Monod repressor promoter transcription factor motif helix-turn-helix zinc finger leucine zipper RNA polymerase lactose operon TATA box coding strand template strand mRNA tRNA rRNA codon anticodon 5' cap poly A tail intron exon antisense RNA oligonucleotide gene targeting knockout genes universal genetic code AUG UAG UGA UAA protein synthesis peptide bond translation initiation translation elongation translation termination ribosomal subunit release factor protein folding chaperone protein mutation mutagen achondroplasia spontaneous mutation Ames test germinal mutation somatic mutation point mutation missense mutation nonsense mutation reading frame frameshift mutation duplication insertion recombinant DNA plasmid restriction enzyme sticky end vector synonymous codons redundancy silent mutation one-gene one-protein paradigm noncoding RNA pseudogene transposable element transposon transgene liposome gene therapy DNA microarray genomics |