| archetypes | The name Jung gave to the emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning. p. 361
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| big five factors of personality | Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional stability). p. 373
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| collective unconscious | Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. p. 360
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| ego | The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. p. 57
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| empirically keyed test | Relies on items to predict some criterion that discriminates between groups individually. p. 382
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| defense mechanisms | The ego's protective methods for reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. p. 357
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| humanistic perspectives | Stress the person's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities. p. 367
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| id | The Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts, which are the individual's reservoir of psychic energy. p. 356
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| individual psychology | The term for Adler's approach, which views people as motivated by purposes and goals, being creators of their own lives. p. 361
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| locus of control | Individuals' beliefs about whether the outcomes of their actions depend on what they do (internal control) or on events outside of their personal control (external control). p. 365
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | The most widely used and researched self-report personality test. p. 382
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| Oedipus complex | In Freud's theory, the young child's development of an intense desire to replace the same-sex parent and enjoy the affections of the opposite-sex parent. p. 359
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| personality | A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. p. 355
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| projective test | personality assessment tool that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it or tell a story about it; based on the assumption that the ambiguity of the stimulus allows individuals to project their personalities onto it. p. 378
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| psychodynamic perspectives | View personality as primarily unconscious (that is, beyond awareness) and as occurring in stages. Most psychoanalytic perspectives emphasize that early experiences with parents play a role in sculpting personality. p. 356
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| Rorschach inkblot test | A widely used projective test; it uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality. p. 378
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| self-concept | A central theme in Rogers' and other humanists' views; self-concept refers to individuals' overall perceptions of their abilities, behavior, and personalities. p. 368
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| self-efficacy | The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. p. 485
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| self-esteem | The person's overall evaluation of self-worth or self-image. p. 369
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| self-report tests | Also called objective tests or inventories, they directly ask people whether items (usually true/false or agree/disagree) describe their personality traits or not. p. 380
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| social cognitive theory | States that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding personality. p. 364
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| superego | The Freudian structure of personality that deals with morality. p. 357
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | An ambiguous projective test designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality. p. 379
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| trait | An enduring personality characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors. p. 372
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| unconditional positive regard | Rogers' term for accepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of the person's behavior. p. 368
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