| antianxiety drugs | Commonly known as tranquilizers, they reduce anxiety by making people calmer and less excitable. p. 434
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| antidepressant drugs | Drugs that regulate mood. p. 435
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| antipsychotic drugs | Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in people who have a severe psychological disorder, such as schizophrenia. p. 436
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| aversive conditioning | A classical conditioning treatment which consists of repeated pairings of the undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior's rewards. p. 446
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| behavior modification | The application of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior; especially to replace unacceptable, maladaptive behaviors with acceptable, adaptive behaviors. p. 446
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| behavior therapy | Uses principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior. Emphasis on self-healing capacities. p. 444
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| biological therapies | Treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering the way an individual's body functions. p. 434
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| catharsis | The release of anger or aggressive energy by directly or vicariously engaging in anger or aggression; the catharsis hypothesis states that behaving angrily or watching others behave angrily reduces subsequent anger. p. 441
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| client-centered therapy | Rogers' humanistic therapy in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self-concept and encourage the client to gain insight about problems. p. 443
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| cognitive-behavior therapy | Consists of a combination of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. p. 451
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| couples therapy | Therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem is within their relationship. p. 454
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Commonly called shock therapy, this treatment is used for severely depressed individuals; it causes a seizure to occur in the brain. p. 438
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| family therapy | Group therapy with family members. p. 454
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| free association | The psychoanalytic technique of having individuals say aloud whatever comes into their minds. p. 440
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| gestalt therapy | Perls' humanistic therapy in which the therapist challenges clients to help them become more aware of their feelings and face their problems. p. 444
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| humanistic therapies | In these therapies people are encouraged to understand themselves and to grow personally. The humanistic therapies are unique in their emphasis on self-healing capacities. p. 443
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| insight therapy | Encourage insight and self-awareness; includes the psychodynamic and humanistic therapies. p. 439
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| meta-analysis | Statistical analysis that combines the results of many different studies. p. 456
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| paraprofessional | A person who has been taught by a professional to provide some mental health services but who does not have formal mental health training. p. 454
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| psychoanalysis | Freud's psychotherapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts. Freud believed that clients' current problems could be traced to childhood experiences, involving conflicts about sexuality. p. 440
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| psychodynamic therapies | Stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of experiences in the early-childhood years. The goal of the psychodynamic therapies is to help individuals recognize their maladaptive ways of coping and the sources of their unconscious conflicts. p. 440
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| psychosurgery | A biological therapy that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve an individual's adjustment. p. 439
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| psychotherapy | The process used by mental health professionals to help individuals recognize, define, and overcome their psychological and interpersonal difficulties. p. 434
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| rational-emotive behavior therapy | Based on Ellis' assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of their beliefs, especially those that are irrational and self-defeating. p. 448
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| resistance | The psychoanalytic term for the person's unconscious defense strategies that prevent the analyst from understanding the person's problems. p. 441
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| systematic desensitization | A method of behavior therapy based on classical conditioning that treats anxiety by getting the person to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations. p. 445
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| transference | The psychoanalytic term for the person's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual's life. p. 441
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