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achievement tests  Tests that measure what a person has learned or the skills that a person has mastered. p. 393
aptitude tests  Tests that predict an individual's ability to learn. p. 393
convergent thinking  Thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the type of thinking required on traditional intelligence tests. p. 408
creativity  The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unconventional solutions to problems. p. 388
culture-fair tests  Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased. p. 395
divergent thinking  Thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity. p. 408
emotional intelligence  The ability to monitor one's own and others' emotions and feelings, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions. p. 404
factor analysis  A statistical procedure that examines various items or measures and identifies factors that are correlated with each other. p. 400
gifted  Individuals who have an IQ of 120 or higher and/or superior talent in a particular domain. p. 407
heritability  The fraction of the variance in IQ in a population that is attributed to genetics. p. 413
intelligence  Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences. p. 388
intelligent quotient (IQ)  Consists of an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. p. 390
mental age (MA)  An individual's level of mental development relative to that of others. p. 390
mental retardation  A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and has an onset of these characteristics in the so-called developmental period p. 405
multiple-factor theory  Thurstone's theory that intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, number ability, word fluency, spatial visualization, associative memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed. p. 400
normal distribution  A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range. p. 391
reliability  The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. p. 47
standardization  Involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms for the test. p. 394
triarchic theory  Sternberg's theory that there are three main types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. p. 402
two-factor theory  Spearman's theory that individuals have both general intelligence (g) and a number of specific abilities (s). p. 400
validity  The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. p. 394







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