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1 | |
The removal of ions and molecules from sea water through adherence to a clay particle is termed: |
| | A) | absorption. |
| | B) | coagulation. |
| | C) | adsorption. |
| | D) | weathering. |
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2 | |
Which of the following statements on ocean salinity is not correct? |
| | A) | Average salinity is 35 percent. |
| | B) | There are, on average, 35g of dissolved salt in every kg of seawater. |
| | C) | Salinity of ocean surface water is associated with latitude. |
| | D) | Salinities will be lower in areas of high precipitation. |
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3 | |
Select the ion which is not a major constituent of seawater. |
| | A) | sodium |
| | B) | chloride |
| | C) | iodine |
| | D) | calcium |
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4 | |
Which of the following is not a trace element in sea water? |
| | A) | nickel |
| | B) | manganese |
| | C) | titanium |
| | D) | boron |
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5 | |
Which of the following is not a mechanism for regulating the ocean's salt balance? |
| | A) | river discharge |
| | B) | sea spray |
| | C) | hydrothermal vent activity |
| | D) | All of the above are mechanisms. |
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6 | |
Which of the following statements on the abundance of salts is not correct? |
| | A) | The average time that a substance remains in solution is measured by its half-life. |
| | B) | Aluminum remains in solution for only short periods of time relative to other ions. |
| | C) | Sodium is very soluble and will remain in solution for very long periods of time. |
| | D) | Calcium is removed quickly from solution to form shells for organisms. |
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7 | |
The principle of constant proportion: |
| | A) | applies to only the trace elements. |
| | B) | can only be applied near river mouths. |
| | C) | states that the ratio of major ions does not change with salinity. |
| | D) | is different at the ocean bottom than on the surface. |
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8 | |
The following method is not used to accurately determine the salinity of seawater. |
| | A) | electrical conductivity |
| | B) | chloride concentration |
| | C) | light refraction |
| | D) | taste |
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9 | |
Which of the following describes the saturation values of a gas? |
| | A) | Temperature, salinity, and pressure do not affect saturation value. |
| | B) | If the temperature increases, the saturation value increases. |
| | C) | As pressure increases, saturation value decreases. |
| | D) | Decreasing the temperature increases the saturation value. |
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10 | |
The depth that represents equilibrium between oxygen and carbon dioxide production is termed the ____________ depth. |
| | A) | equilibrium |
| | B) | compensation |
| | C) | decomposition |
| | D) | anaerobic |
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11 | |
Which of the following statements about the distribution of gases is not correct? |
| | A) | Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis at all depths. |
| | B) | Oxygen values of quiet surface waters may become supersaturated. |
| | C) | Anoxic conditions may occur on the floor of deep basins. |
| | D) | Carbon dioxide levels at the surface are typically very low because of photosynthesis. |
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12 | |
The concentration of this ion determines the pH of water. |
| | A) | CO32- |
| | B) | Ca2+ |
| | C) | HCO3- |
| | D) | H+ |
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13 | |
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form: |
| | A) | CO32-. |
| | B) | Ca2+. |
| | C) | H2CO3. |
| | D) | H+. |
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14 | |
Research on ice cores recovered in Greenland and Antarctica have revealed all but which of the following? |
| | A) | Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere dropped rapidly at the end of the last ice age. |
| | B) | Volcanic dust trapped in the ice reveals when and where eruptions occurred. |
| | C) | Pollution from the ancient Greeks and Romans reached Greenland. |
| | D) | Climate changes may occur very rapidly. |
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15 | |
The rate at which the oceans absorb CO2 is controlled by all but which of the following? |
| | A) | presence of calcium and carbonate ions |
| | B) | transfer of carbon from CO2 to organic molecules |
| | C) | circulation of deep ocean water |
| | D) | presence of oxygen |
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16 | |
Carbon dioxide is not released by which of the following? |
| | A) | burning of fossil fuels |
| | B) | decay of organic material |
| | C) | respiration of organisms |
| | D) | production of calcium carbonate by organisms |
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17 | |
Which of the following statements regarding salt sources is not correct? |
| | A) | Water carrying sulfate ions is acidic and helps liberate cations in bedrock. |
| | B) | The chemical composition of most rivers mirrors that of the oceans. |
| | C) | Water emerging from a hydrothermal vent is more saline than water entering the hydrothermal system. |
| | D) | There are large quantities of cations in volcanic rocks. |
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18 | |
Select the following statement that does not accurately discuss chemical resources of the oceans. |
| | A) | Less than 50 percent of the world's table salt is extracted from seawater. |
| | B) | Uranium and gold have been found to be economically feasible to extract from ocean water. |
| | C) | Sea salt can be extracted in cold climate ponds by freezing sea water to a concentrated brine. |
| | D) | The majority of the world's supply of magnesium comes from the sea. |
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19 | |
Which of the following statements on desalination is not correct? |
| | A) | Solar powered stills can produce fresh water, but at a very slow rate. |
| | B) | Distillation through boiling water and capturing condensate is energy intensive and expensive. |
| | C) | Low salinity water can be desalinated by ion exchange. |
| | D) | Solar evaporation does not work because the salt evaporates with the water. |
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20 | |
The process of reverse osmosis in desalination: |
| | A) | is more energy intensive than the evaporative processes. |
| | B) | is powered by the natural movement of water from high salinity to low salinity. |
| | C) | produces no brines to be disposed of. |
| | D) | is replacing older distillation plants in water poor areas. |
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21 | |
Which of the following is an example of a cation? |
| | A) | Na+ |
| | B) | Cl- |
| | C) | NaCl |
| | D) | H2 |
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22 | |
Which is not true about the latitudinal variations in seawater salinity? |
| | A) | Surface salinity is lower near the equator where precipitation exceeds evaporation. |
| | B) | Surface salinity is high near 30oN and 30oS where evaporation exceeds precipitation. |
| | C) | Salinity is high at the poles where evaporation is low. |
| | D) | Salinity is low in the mid latitudes (60oN and 60oS) where precipitation exceeds evaporation. |
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23 | |
Arrange the following constituents in seawater in order from highest to lowest concentration: |
| | A) | magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate |
| | B) | chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium |
| | C) | chloride, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate |
| | D) | magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, sulfate |
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24 | |
Which of the following is not a process that adds salt to the ocean? |
| | A) | hydrothermal activities at mid ocean ridges |
| | B) | volcanoes |
| | C) | river runoff |
| | D) | sea spray |
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25 | |
Which of the following ions has the greatest residence time in the oceans? |
| | A) | sodium |
| | B) | potassium |
| | C) | aluminum |
| | D) | calcium |
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26 | |
Which of the following substance has the lowest pH? |
| | A) | coffee |
| | B) | seawater |
| | C) | hydrochloric acid |
| | D) | milk |
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2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education