| agriculture | Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continuous and intensive use of land and labor.
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| balanced reciprocity | See generalized reciprocity.
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| band | Basic unit of social organization among foragers. A band includes fewer than one hundred people; it often splits up seasonally.
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| correlation | An association between two or more variables such that when one changes (varies), the other(s) also change(s) (covaries); for example, temperature and sweating.
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| economy | A population's system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources.
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| generalized reciprocity | Principle that characterizes exchanges between closely related individuals. As social distance increases, reciprocity becomes balanced and finally negative.
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| horticulture | Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time.
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| market principle | Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand.
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| means (or factors) of production | Land, labor, technology, and capital—major productive resources.
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| mode of production | Way of organizing production—a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge.
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| negative reciprocity | See generalized reciprocity.
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| nomadism, pastoral | Movement throughout the year by the whole pastoral group (men, women, and children) with their animals. More generally, such constant movement in pursuit of strategic resources.
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| pastoralists | People who use a food-producing strategy of adaptation based on care of herds of domesticated animals.
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| peasants | Small-scale agriculturist living in a state, with rent fund obligations.
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| potlatch | Competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific Coast of North America.
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| reciprocity | One of the three principles of exchange. Governs exchange between social equals; major exchange mode in band and tribal societies.
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| reciprocity continuum | Regarding exchanges, a range running from generalized reciprocity (closely related/deferred return) through balanced reciprocity to negative reciprocity (strangers/immediate return).
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| redistribution | Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states, and some states with managed economies.
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| transhumance | One of two variants of pastoralism; part of the population moves seasonally with the herds while the other part remains in home villages.
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