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| 1 | |
Until 10,000 years ago, all human groups had which of the following adaptive strategies? |
| | A) | agriculture |
| | B) | foraging |
| | C) | horticulture |
| | D) | pastoralism |
| | E) | reciprocity |
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| 2 | |
Which of the following groups was an example of a foraging society? |
| | A) | Kwakiutl |
| | B) | Kuikuru |
| | C) | Samis |
| | D) | Ifugao |
| | E) | Basseri |
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| 3 | |
What is the basic social unit among most foragers? |
| | A) | tribe |
| | B) | clan |
| | C) | lineage |
| | D) | band |
| | E) | totem |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following factors of production does horticulture make intensive use of? |
| | A) | land |
| | B) | labor |
| | C) | capital |
| | D) | machinery |
| | E) | Horticulture does not make intensive use of any of the above factors of production. |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following is commonly found in both horticultural and nonindustrial agricultural societies? |
| | A) | irrigation |
| | B) | use of domestic animals as cultivating machines |
| | C) | terracing |
| | D) | use of animal manure as fertilizer |
| | E) | None of the above is commonly found in both horticultural and nonindustrial agricultural societies. |
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| 6 | |
Horticulture is characterized by which of the following? |
| | A) | the use of terraces |
| | B) | shifting cultivation |
| | C) | the use of domestic animals |
| | D) | irrigation systems |
| | E) | intensive cultivation |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following is not an environmental effect of intensive agriculture? |
| | A) | deforestation |
| | B) | concentration of organic wastes |
| | C) | increased environmental diversity |
| | D) | an increase in disease microorganisms |
| | E) | All of the above are environmental effects of intensive agriculture. |
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| 8 | |
Mode of production refers to |
| | A) | the way in which production is organized. |
| | B) | the major productive resources of an economy including the land, labor, technology, and capital. |
| | C) | the rational allocation of scarce resources to alternative ends. |
| | D) | the profit-oriented principle of exchange in which goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand. |
| | E) | exchange between social equals. |
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| 9 | |
The means of production refers to |
| | A) | the way in which production is organized. |
| | B) | the rational allocation of scarce resources to alternative ends. |
| | C) | the profit-oriented principle of exchange in which goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand. |
| | D) | the major productive resources of an economy including land, labor, and technology. |
| | E) | exchange between social equals. |
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| 10 | |
What is a replacement fund? |
| | A) | resources devoted to replacing the calories used during a person's daily activity |
| | B) | resources devoted to maintaining items essential to production |
| | C) | resources devoted to helping friends, relatives, in-laws, and neighbors |
| | D) | resources devoted to the performance of rituals |
| | E) | resources a person must render to a politically or economically superior individual or agency |
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| 11 | |
What is the market principle? |
| | A) | the movement of goods, services, and resources from the local level to a central administrative location, then back to the local level |
| | B) | the exchange of goods, services, and resources between social equals |
| | C) | the rational allocation of scarce means to alternative ends |
| | D) | a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources |
| | E) | the use of money to buy and sell things at prices determined by supply and demand |
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| 12 | |
With which kind of reciprocity is something given and nothing is expected in return? |
| | A) | negative reciprocity |
| | B) | generalized reciprocity |
| | C) | specialized reciprocity |
| | D) | balanced reciprocity |
| | E) | market reciprocity |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following statements about negative reciprocity is not true? |
| | A) | Negative reciprocity usually involves dealing with people outside or on the fringes of one's own social system. |
| | B) | Silent trade is an example of negative reciprocity. |
| | C) | Stealing is an extreme form of negative reciprocity. |
| | D) | Negative reciprocity cannot be practiced by a society that already practices generalized reciprocity. |
| | E) | Negative reciprocity involves the attempt to get something for as little as possible. |
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| 14 | |
With balanced reciprocity, a person |
| | A) | tries to get something for as little as possible. |
| | B) | exchanges with people only within her or his nuclear family. |
| | C) | gives and expects something in return, which may not come immediately, but the giver will be upset if the person who received the gift does not reciprocate the exchange. |
| | D) | uses money to buy and sell goods and services. |
| | E) | tries rationally to allocate scarce means or resources to alternative ends. |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following statements concerning the potlatch is not true? |
| | A) | The potlatch is still practiced by cultures of the North Pacific Coast of North America. |
| | B) | The groups that practice the potlatch are agriculturalists. |
| | C) | Scholars traditionally viewed potlatches as economically wasteful and driven by irrational desires for prestige. |
| | D) | Cultural ecology suggests that customs such as the potlatch are cultural adaptations to alternating periods of local abundance and shortage. |
| | E) | Potlatching linked villages together in an exchange system that distributed food and wealth from wealthy to needy communities. |
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