The revolutionary upheavals that broke out across Europe in 1848.
The common demands of revolutionaries, despite the lack of an international revolutionary movement.
The achievement of some of the goals of revolutionaries, such as national unification and greater representation in constitutional governments.
The end of the French republic and parliamentary government as radicalism was severely repressed.
The role of nationalism in eastern European revolutionary upheaval, and the inability of eastern European governments to meet the challenges of nationalism.
The victories of counterrevolution in France, Austria, and the German states.
The new toughness of mind that emerged as a consequence of the revolutions of 1848.
The doctrines related to Materialism, Realism, and Positivism.
The early history and origins of Marxism.
The strengths and weaknesses of Marxism.
The authoritarian regime of Napoleon III, which foreshadowed the dictators of the twentieth century rather than symbolizing a return to the past.
