11. The Opening of the Atlantic

1. The Portuguese in the East
• [Primary Source Vasco da Gama, Round Africa to India, 1497-1498]

2. The Discovery of America
• [Primary Source Columbus' letter to the King and Queen of Spain, 1494]
• [Primary Source An Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico]
• [Primary Source Mining]
• [Primary Source Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522]
• [Primary Source John Cabot, Voyage to North America, 1497]
• [Primary Source Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494]

3. The Spanish Empire in America
• [Primary Source The New Laws of the Indies, 1542]

12. The Commercial Revolution

• [Image London]
• [Primary Source John Locke, Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money]

1. Changes in Commerce and Production
• [Image Rouen]
• [Image Manila Galleon]

2. Capital and Labor
• [Image Book trade]

3. Mercantilism
• [Image Russia Company]

13. Changing Social Structures

• [Image Freeholders]
• [Image Peasants]

1. Social Classes
• [Image French nobles]
• [Image Grands seigneurs]
• [Image German merchant]
• [Image Urban elite]
• [Primary Source Trade guilds]
• [Image Small retailers]
• [Primary Source Poor in 17th-century France]
• [Image Charitable relief: Foundling Hospital]

2. Social Roles of Education and Government
• [Image Leyden]
• [Image Geneva]

3. Eastern and Western Europe

14. The Wars of Catholic Spain: The Netherlands and England

1. The Ambitions of Philip II
• [Image The Escorial]
• [Image Duke of Alva]

2. The Revolt of the Netherlands
• [Primary Source Dutch Declaration of Independence, 1581]

3. The Involvement of England
• [Image Union of Utrecht]
• [Primary Source Francis Pretty, Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round The World, 1580]
• [Primary Source Queen Elizabeth I, Speech Against the Spanish Armada, 1588]

4. The Results of the Struggle
• [Primary Source Charter of the Dutch West India Company, 1621]

15. The Disintegration and Reconstruction of France

1. Political and Religious Disunity
• [Map Religious and Political Divisions of France, 1585-1598]

2. The Civil and Religious Wars
• [Image Procession of Catholic League, 1590]
• [Image Duke of Parma Resupplies Paris, 1590]
• [Image Jean Bodin]

3. The End of the Wars: Reconstruction under Henry IV
• [Image Henry IV Enters Paris, 1594]
• [Primary Source Edict of Nantes]

4. Cardinal Richelieu

16. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648: The Disintegration of Germany

1. Background of the Thirty Years' War

2. The Four Phases of the War
• [Image Defenestration of Prague]
• [Image Gustavus Adolphus]

3. The Peace of Westphalia, 1648
• [Primary Source Treaty of Westphalia]