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| 1 | |
There are certain conditions that must be met for infection to occur. Three of the following assumptions are true for infection. Identify the false assumption. |
| | A) | The microorganisms must be opportunistic. |
| | B) | The microorganisms must penetrate the host defenses. |
| | C) | The microorganisms must enter the tissues. |
| | D) | The microorganisms must multiply. |
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| 2 | |
Identify the sterile (microbe-free) anatomical site from the list below. |
| | A) | vagina |
| | B) | urethra |
| | C) | rectum |
| | D) | bladder |
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| 3 | |
Effects of bacterial exposure may lead to disease in the host. Place the following occurrences in the proper sequence or order. |
| | A) | disease, infection, contact |
| | B) | contact, disease, infection |
| | C) | contact, infection, disease |
| | D) | infection, contact, disease |
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| 4 | |
Microbial antagonism means that |
| | A) | good microbes are replaced by invading pathogenic microbes. |
| | B) | good microbes establish themselves in the host and prevent invasion by pathogenic microbes. |
| | C) | the host is predisposed to disease due to the microbes they harbor. |
| | D) | pathogenic bacterial growth is encouraged by the presence of established host organisms. |
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| 5 | |
Resident biota (normal flora) of human beings include members of the |
| | A) | bacteria. |
| | B) | arthropods. |
| | C) | fungi. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 6 | |
Infants are typically first exposed to disease |
| | A) | in utero. |
| | B) | during the birth process. |
| | C) | when feeding after birth. |
| | D) | 8–12 hours after birth. |
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| 7 | |
Host defenses are NOT compromised by |
| | A) | pre-existing disease or infection. |
| | B) | chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs. |
| | C) | surgery. |
| | D) | middle age. |
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| 8 | |
Endogenous infections are caused by |
| | A) | normal biota in an unusual site. |
| | B) | infection by indigenous biota in a healthy individual. |
| | C) | parasitic flora that have been ingested into the gut. |
| | D) | viral invasion. |
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| 9 | |
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has found |
| | A) | that all humans harbor nearly the same biota. |
| | B) | that the genetic component of bacteria inhabiting the human body is minimal compared to the human genome. |
| | C) | human pathogens are not found in the human microbiome. |
| | D) | microbes are found in sites that were previously considered to be sterile. |
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| 10 | |
A virulence factor is one which |
| | A) | allows a microbe to invade and establish itself on the host. |
| | B) | allows a host to evade infection. |
| | C) | normal flora use against invading microorganisms. |
| | D) | invading organisms use against normal flora. |
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| 11 | |
Which of the following is NOT an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host? |
| | A) | fimbriae attach to epithelium of host |
| | B) | glycocalyx anchors the microbe to the host |
| | C) | dextran slime layer glues the microbe to the host surface |
| | D) | envelope spikes puncture cells for entry |
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| 12 | |
Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | leukocidins. |
| | B) | capsules. |
| | C) | erythrocytes. |
| | D) | resistance to digestion by white blood cells. |
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| 13 | |
Microbial infection damages hosts by |
| | A) | toxins, exoenzymes, induction of immune response. |
| | B) | attachment, invasion, endotoxin production. |
| | C) | erythrocytes, phagocytes, disintegration. |
| | D) | toxigenicity, autoimmunity, overactivity of immune system. |
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| 14 | |
Exotoxins differ from endotoxins in that exotoxins |
| | A) | are composed of lipopolysaccharides. |
| | B) | are stable at 60°C. |
| | C) | cannot be converted to toxoids. |
| | D) | are secreted from living cells. |
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| 15 | |
A focal infection is where the infectious agent |
| | A) | remains confined to a specific tissue. |
| | B) | spreads to several sites and fluids, usually in the blood. |
| | C) | breaks loose from initial infection and is carried to other tissues. |
| | D) | follows an initial infection by another agent. |
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| 16 | |
Objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer is called |
| | A) | a sign. |
| | B) | a symptom. |
| | C) | a syndrome. |
| | D) | prodromal. |
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| 17 | |
Identify which is a symptom from the list of signs below. |
| | A) | fever |
| | B) | leukopenia |
| | C) | nausea |
| | D) | dropping blood pressure |
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| 18 | |
After initial infection, some infectious agents go into a dormancy, or ________, but may re-emerge to produce a recurrent disease state. |
| | A) | reservoir state |
| | B) | latency |
| | C) | symptomatic state |
| | D) | sequelae |
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| 19 | |
When cases are concentrated in one area at a relatively stable rate, then the disease is |
| | A) | epidemic. |
| | B) | endemic. |
| | C) | pandemic. |
| | D) | sporadic. |
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| 20 | |
_______________ transmission means the disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another. |
| | A) | Vertical |
| | B) | Horizontal |
| | C) | Nosocomial |
| | D) | Indirect |
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| 21 | |
______ are individuals who inconspicuously shelter a pathogen and spread it to others. |
| | A) | Vectors |
| | B) | Sources |
| | C) | Opportunists |
| | D) | Carriers |
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| 22 | |
A fomite is _________ that can transmit disease. |
| | A) | a vector |
| | B) | an animal |
| | C) | an inanimate object |
| | D) | a cough or sneeze droplet |
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| 23 | |
An infection which is indigenous to animals but can be transmitted to humans is a _________ infection. |
| | A) | passive |
| | B) | fomite |
| | C) | zoonotic |
| | D) | communicable |
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| 24 | |
Koch's Postulates for identifying a pathogen require all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | re-inoculation and production of disease. |
| | B) | sequencing the DNA of the suspect organism. |
| | C) | isolating an organism from a diseased host. |
| | D) | culturing an organism in pure form. |
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| 25 | |
Universal (Blood and Body Fluid) Precautions include |
| | A) | barrier precautions, such as masks, gloves, gowns. |
| | B) | all sharp instruments deposited in puncture-proof containers. |
| | C) | anything contaminated with body fluids must be scrubbed immediately with germicidal soap. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 26 | |
As the infectious dose of the microorganism increases, the virulence of the microorganism increases. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 27 | |
Most pathogens have one preferred portal of entry. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 28 | |
Exotoxins and endotoxins differ in their site of effect. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 29 | |
–itis means "inflammation," for example, gastritis is an inflamed intestine. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 30 | |
Most colonization events result in infection and disease. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 31 | |
There are no microorganisms that can cross the transplacental barrier, so fetuses are protected until birth. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 32 | |
Infections which come on quickly with severe symptoms are termed "chronic" infections. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 33 | |
Mortality rate measures the number of people with infections. Morbidity rate measures the number of deaths in a population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 34 | |
Epidemiology is the study of disease in individuals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 35 | |
Nosocomial infections are acquired in a hospital from surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and often involve drug resistant microorganisms. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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