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| These questions are taken from the directed questions found in the margins of the chapter. After reading the chapter, you should be able to answer these questions: 16.1 Describe three models of stress, distinguishing among those that focus on stress as a stimulus, stress as a response, and stress resulting from the transaction between the organism and the environment. 16.2 Describe four types of appraisal that occur in response to a potential stressor, and explain how they correspond to primary and secondary appraisals. 16.3 Describe the three stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and their effects on health. 16.4 Discuss evidence that stress is linked to well-being. 16.5 Describe the mechanisms through which stress can contribute to illness. 16.6 Describe the various stressors that can affect immune functioning. 16.7 Describe various ways social support can protect against stressful events. 16.8 Describe the role of stress hormones in well-being. 16.9 Describe the Type A behaviour pattern and how it can contribute to coronary heart disease. 16.10 Describe how coping mechanisms self-efficacy, optimism-pessimism, and spiritual beliefs affect stress outcomes. 16.11 Describe factors that create stress-resiliency in children. 16.12 Describe the three major classes of coping strategies. 16.13 Describe how trauma disclosure and emotional constraint affect well-being. 16.14 Describe how gender and cultural factors affect the tendency to use particular coping strategies. 16.15 Describe cognitive coping skills and relaxation techniques that comprise effective stress management training programs. 16.16 Describe how gate control theory explains pain perception and control, and describe how glial cells and cytokines are involved. 16.17 Describe how endorphins influence pain perception and physical well-being. 16.18 Describe how cultural factors influence pain experience and behaviour. 16.19 Describe how cognitive and personality factors affect responses to pain stimuli. 16.20 Describe cognitive, informational, and behavioural strategies for pain reduction. 16.21 Describe the six stages of the transtheoretical model of behaviour change and the rationale for stage-matched interventions. 16.22 Define aerobic exercise, and cite evidence that it promotes health and longevity. 16.23 Discuss exercise program dropout rates and factors that do and do not predict dropout. 16.24 Describe behaviour change techniques that are used in behavioural weight control programs. 16.25 Describe the nature and effectiveness of behaviour change techniques in AIDS prevention programs. 16.26 Describe the major goals and techniques in motivational interviewing. 16.27 Describe effective treatments for substance abuse problems, including multimodal treatment approaches. 16.28 Describe the consequences of heavy drinking among college students. 16.29 Describe harm-reduction strategies and how they differ from abstinence-based approaches. 16.30 Describe factors that increase or decrease relapse and how relapse-prevention training addresses these factors. |