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| 1 | |
Laura associates a particular smell with memories of the food served at her wedding reception. Laura's association is probably due to |
| | A) | observational learning. |
| | B) | operant conditioning. |
| | C) | habituation. |
| | D) | classical conditioning. |
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| 2 | |
In Pavlov's classic study, prior to conditioning the tone was considered |
| | A) | an unconditioned stimulus. |
| | B) | a conditioned stimulus. |
| | C) | a neutral stimulus. |
| | D) | a conditioned response. |
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| 3 | |
The repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in the elimination of the conditioned response, is called |
| | A) | extinction. |
| | B) | habituation. |
| | C) | backward conditioning. |
| | D) | forward conditioning. |
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| 4 | |
Thorndike’s law of effect states that |
| | A) | pairing of stimuli will cause them to become co-associated. |
| | B) | previously extinguished conditioned responses can occur without additional learning. |
| | C) | responses followed by satisfying consequences will be strengthened whereas those followed by unsatisfying consequences will be weakened. |
| | D) | anticipatory symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, are the result of classical conditioning. |
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| 5 | |
Operant conditioning |
| | A) | has few practical applications. |
| | B) | is the main way that phobias are successfully treated. |
| | C) | has applications in computerised education. |
| | D) | is now largely discounted. |
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| 6 | |
Michael is addicted to alcohol. His psychiatrist has decided to prescribe him a drug that will produce extreme nausea when alcohol is consumed. This is known as |
| | A) | aversion therapy. |
| | B) | operant conditioning. |
| | C) | generalisation. |
| | D) | systematic desensitisation. |
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| 7 | |
In an effort to encourage Melissa to do well at school, her parents have decided to give her £10 for every 'A' she receives in her school report. Melissa's parents are using |
| | A) | aversive punishment. |
| | B) | negative reinforcement. |
| | C) | response cost. |
| | D) | positive reinforcement. |
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| 8 | |
While Nick was riding his bike he fell and broke his arm because he was looking down at the pedals. Nick no longer looks down at the pedals while riding his bike. This is best explained by the concept of |
| | A) | positive reinforcement. |
| | B) | negative punishment. |
| | C) | negative reinforcement. |
| | D) | positive punishment. |
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| 9 | |
Whenever Michael talks back to his parents, they take his mobile phone away from him. His talking back has decreased over time. Michael’s parents are using |
| | A) | response cost, also known as negative punishment. |
| | B) | positive punishment, also known as response cost. |
| | C) | negative reinforcement, also known as punishment. |
| | D) | positive reinforcement, also known as punishment. |
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| 10 | |
Claire works in a computer shop. For every three laptops she sells, she receives a £200 bonus. What schedule of reinforcement is her employer using? |
| | A) | Fixed-interval |
| | B) | Fixed-ratio |
| | C) | Variable-ratio |
| | D) | Continuous |
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| 11 | |
A mental representation of a spatial layout is called a |
| | A) | latent map. |
| | B) | insight map. |
| | C) | map model. |
| | D) | cognitive map. |
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| 12 | |
A _____________ schedule of reinforcement produces the most rapid learning. |
| | A) | continuous |
| | B) | fixed-interval |
| | C) | fixed-ratio |
| | D) | variable-ratio |
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| 13 | |
Our tendency to learn some survival behaviours more easily than other behaviours is best explained by the concept of |
| | A) | conditioned taste aversion. |
| | B) | preparedness. |
| | C) | instinctive drift. |
| | D) | operant generalisation. |
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| 14 | |
Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory stresses the importance of learning |
| | A) | by increasing stimulus control. |
| | B) | by developing cognitive maps. |
| | C) | by observing a model. |
| | D) | by demonstrating fixed-action patterns. |
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| 15 | |
Which statement best describes the term consolidation? |
| | A) | improvements in skills linked to the amount we practice them. |
| | B) | improvements in skills developed through the course of the lifetime. |
| | C) | improvements in skills linked to the active use of visual imagery. |
| | D) | improvements in skills linked to the time we are asleep. |
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