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| These questions are taken from the directed questions found in the margins of the chapter. After reading the chapter, you should be able to answer these questions: 9.1 Define language. 9.2 Describe the key properties of language. 9.3 Contrast surface and deep structures of language. 9.4 Describe the hierarchy of language. 9.5 Describe the sex differences that exist in language processing. 9.6 Describe how biological factors influence language acquisition. 9.7 Describe how social learning influences language acquisition. 9.8 Contrast evidence for and against the acquisition of human language by apes. 9.9 Describe the evidence that suggests a critical period for acquiring a second language. 9.10 Describe the relationship between bilingualism and other cognitive abilities. 9.11 Explain how language influences thinking. 9.12 Define concepts and propositions, and explain their interrelation. 9.13 Recognise and contrast examples of deductive and inductive reasoning. 9.14 Recognise and describe examples of the four stages of problem solving. 9.15 Distinguish between algorithms and heuristics. 9.16 Describe the roles that uncertainty and heuristics play in decision making. 9.17 Explain why disconfirming evidence is important in making decisions. 9.18 Describe factors that inhibit and facilitate problem solving. 9.19 Describe the roles that schemas play in knowledge acquisition and expertise. 9.20 Describe the components of wisdom, and explain how wisdom and expertise differ. 9.21 Describe the major findings and importance of Shepard and Metzler's mental rotation study. 9.22 Describe research, including brain research that supports the view that mental images are perceptual in nature. 9.23 Define metacognition; describe the two types of metacognition and provide examples. 9.24 Describe ways to enhance metacognition based on research. |