24.1 Water Balance

1			Which of the following conditions may result from loss of proportional amounts of water and sodium?
			A)	dehydration
			B)	volume depletion
			C)	fluid sequestration
			D)	hypotonic hydration
2			Which of the following can control water output independent of sodium?
			A)	renin
			B)	sweat
			C)	aldosterone
			D)	ADH
3			This hormone, produced by the hypothalamus, will stimulate the collecting ducts and the distal convoluted tubules to retain more water.
			A)	ADH
			B)	angiotensin I
			C)	aldosterone
			D)	ANP
			E)	parathyroid hormone
4			Dehydration will most likely cause plasma to become ________________.
			A)	isotonic
			B)	hypotonic
			C)	hypertonic
			D)	hydrotonic
			E)	None of the above.
5			Hypovolemia can be caused by all of the following except
			A)	ADH hyposecretion.
			B)	too much diuretic treatment.
			C)	failure to drink water.
			D)	aldosterone hypersecretion.
6			Water gain from aerobic respiration and dehydration synthesis is referred to as
			A)	preformed water.
			B)	cutaneous water.
			C)	metabolic water.
			D)	water vapor.
7			Hypotonic hydration
			A)	is caused by ADH hyposecretion.
			B)	results from retention of sodium and water.
			C)	may result in cellular swelling, pulmonary edema, and cerebral edema.
			D)	is a condition of negative water balance.

24.2 Electrolyte Balance

8			All of these hormones can affect sodium homeostasis by either increasing or decreasing its reabsorption at the kidney except
			A)	parathyroid hormone.
			B)	estrogen.
			C)	progesterone.
			D)	aldosterone.
			E)	ANP
9			Which hormone mimics the effect of aldosterone and causes women to retain water during pregnancy and certain phases of the menstrual cycle?
			A)	thyroid
			B)	estrogen
			C)	ADH
			D)	parathyroid
10			Which condition would be most likely to stimulate aldosterone secretion?
			A)	hypernatremia
			B)	hypokalemia
			C)	hyponatremia
			D)	hypercalcemia
			E)	hypocalcemia
11			Deficiency of this mineral is a cause of tetany.
			A)	sulfate
			B)	chloride
			C)	iron
			D)	chromium
			E)	calcium
12			This condition can cause hypokalemia.
			A)	Addison disease
			B)	kidney failure
			C)	acidosis
			D)	aldosterone hypersecretion
13			This hormone promotes phosphate excretion.
			A)	aldosterone
			B)	ADH
			C)	growth hormone
			D)	parathyroid hormone
14			_______ causes muscular weakness, depressed reflexes, and cardiac arrhythmia.
			A)	Hypercalcemia
			B)	Hypocalcemia
			C)	Hyperchloremia
			D)	Hypochloremia

24.3 Acid-Base Balance

15			Which buffer system accounts for three-quarters of all the chemical buffering of the body fluids?
			A)	phosphate
			B)	bicarbonate
			C)	protein
			D)	calcium
16			Which of the following is true?
			A)	Respiratory alkalosis results from an alveolar ventilation rate that is below the body's rate of CO2 production.
			B)	Metabolic alkalosis can result from ingestion of aspirin.
			C)	Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation.
			D)	None of the above.
17			Which of the following neutralizes more acid or base than the others?
			A)	kidneys
			B)	phosphate buffers
			C)	pulmonary ventilation
			D)	bicarbonate system
18			This condition may be caused by hyperventilation.
			A)	respiratory acidosis
			B)	respiratory alkalosis
			C)	metabolic acidosis
			D)	metabolic alkalosis
			E)	None of the above.
19			______ acidosis can be corrected by the body and does not require clinical intervention.
			A)	Uncompensated
			B)	Compensated
			C)	Respiratory
			D)	Renal
20			Hyperventilation can cause metabolic ___________.
			A)	acidosis
			B)	alkalosis