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| 1 | |
Nociceptors respond to |
| | A) | changes in temperature at the site of the receptor. |
| | B) | compression, bending, or stretching of cells. |
| | C) | painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. |
| | D) | light striking a receptor cell. |
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| 2 | |
Which of these types of sensory receptors respond to pain, itch, tickle, and temperature? |
| | A) | Merkel's disks |
| | B) | Meissner's corpuscles |
| | C) | Ruffini's end organs |
| | D) | free nerve endings |
| | E) | pacinian corpuscles |
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| 3 | |
Which of these types of sensory receptors are involved with proprioception? |
| | A) | free nerve endings |
| | B) | Golgi tendon organs |
| | C) | muscle spindles |
| | D) | pacinian corpuscle |
| | E) | all of the above |
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| 4 | |
The sensory receptor in the dermis and hypodermis responsible for sensing continuous touch or pressure are |
| | A) | Merkel's disks. |
| | B) | Meissner's corpuscles. |
| | C) | Ruffini's end organs. |
| | D) | free nerve endings. |
| | E) | pacinian corpuscles. |
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| 5 | |
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called |
| | A) | adaptation. |
| | B) | projection. |
| | C) | translation. |
| | D) | conduction. |
| | E) | phantom pain. |
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| 6 | |
Secondary neurons in the spinothalamic tracts synapse with tertiary neurons in the |
| | A) | medulla oblongata. |
| | B) | gray matter of the spinal cord. |
| | C) | cerebellum. |
| | D) | thalamus. |
| | E) | midbrain. |
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| 7 | |
If the spinothalamic tract on the right side of the spinal cord is severed, |
| | A) | pain sensations below the damaged area on the right side are eliminated. |
| | B) | pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated. |
| | C) | temperature sensations are unaffected. |
| | D) | neither pain sensations nor temperature sensations are affected. |
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| 8 | |
Fibers of the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system |
| | A) | carry the sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration. |
| | B) | cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. |
| | C) | are divided into the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus in the spinal cord. |
| | D) | include secondary neurons that exit the medulla and synapse in the thalamus. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 9 | |
Tertiary neurons in both the anterolateral system and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems |
| | A) | project to the somatic sensory cortex. |
| | B) | cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. |
| | C) | are found in the spinal cord. |
| | D) | connect to quaternary neurons in the thalamus. |
| | E) | are part of a descending pathway. |
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| 10 | |
Unlike the anterolateral and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems, the spinocerebellar tracts |
| | A) | are descending tracts. |
| | B) | transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project. |
| | C) | have four neurons in each pathway. |
| | D) | carry only pain sensations. |
| | E) | have primary neurons that synapse in the thalamus. |
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| 11 | |
General sensory inputs (pain, pressure, temperature) to the cerebrum end in the |
| | A) | precentral gyrus. |
| | B) | postcentral gyrus. |
| | C) | central sulcus. |
| | D) | corpus callosum. |
| | E) | arachnoid mater. |
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| 12 | |
Neurons from which of these areas of the body occupy the greatest area of the somatic sensory cortex? |
| | A) | foot |
| | B) | leg |
| | C) | torso |
| | D) | arm |
| | E) | face |
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| 13 | |
A cutaneous nerve to the hand is severed at the elbow. The distal end of the nerve at the elbow is then stimulated. The subject reports |
| | A) | no sensation because the receptors are gone. |
| | B) | a sensation only in the region of the elbow. |
| | C) | a sensation "projected" to the hand. |
| | D) | a vague sensation on the side of the body containing the cut nerve. |
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| 14 | |
Which of these areas of the cerebral cortex is involved in the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements? |
| | A) | primary motor cortex |
| | B) | somatic sensory cortex |
| | C) | prefrontal area |
| | D) | premotor area |
| | E) | basal nuclei |
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| 15 | |
Which of these pathways is not an ascending (sensory) pathway? |
| | A) | spinothalamic tract |
| | B) | corticospinal tract |
| | C) | dorsal column/medial lemniscal system |
| | D) | trigeminothalamic tract |
| | E) | spinocerebellar tract |
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| 16 | |
The ___________ tracts innervate the head muscles. |
| | A) | corticospinal |
| | B) | rubrospinal |
| | C) | vestibulospinal |
| | D) | corticobulbar |
| | E) | dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal |
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| 17 | |
Most fibers of the direct (pyramidal) system |
| | A) | decussate in the medulla oblongata. |
| | B) | synapse in the pons. |
| | C) | descend in the rubrospinal tract. |
| | D) | begin in the cerebellum. |
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| 18 | |
A person with a spinal cord injury is suffering from paresis (partial paralysis) in the right lower limb. Which of these pathways is probably involved? |
| | A) | left lateral corticospinal tract |
| | B) | right lateral corticospinal tract |
| | C) | left dorsal column/medial lemniscal system |
| | D) | right dorsal column/medial lemniscal system |
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| 19 | |
Which of these pathways is not an indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway? |
| | A) | reticulospinal tract |
| | B) | corticobulbar tract |
| | C) | rubrospinal tract |
| | D) | vestibulospinal tract |
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| 20 | |
The indirect (extrapyramidal) system is concerned with |
| | A) | posture |
| | B) | trunk movements |
| | C) | proximal limb movements |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 21 | |
The major effect of the basal nuclei is |
| | A) | to act as a comparator for motor coordination. |
| | B) | to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity. |
| | C) | affect emotions and emotional responses to odors. |
| | D) | modulate pain sensations. |
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| 22 | |
Which of the parts of the cerebellum is correctly matched with its function? |
| | A) | vestibulocerebellum—planning and learning rapid, complex movements |
| | B) | spinocerebellum — comparator function |
| | C) | cerebrocerebellum — balance |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 23 | |
Given the following events:
1. Action potentials from the cerebellum go to the motor cortex and spinal cord.
2. Action potentials from the motor cortex go to lower motor neurons and the cerebellum.
3. Action potentials from proprioceptors go to the cerebellum.
Arrange the events in the order they occur in the cerebellar comparator function. |
| | A) | 1,2,3 |
| | B) | 1,3,2 |
| | C) | 2,1,3 |
| | D) | 2,3,1 |
| | E) | 3,2,1 |
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| 24 | |
The brainstem |
| | A) | consists of ascending and descending pathways. |
| | B) | contains cranial nerve nuclei II-XII. |
| | C) | has nuclei and connections that form the reticular activating system. |
| | D) | has many important reflexes, some of which are necessary for survival. |
| | E) | has all of the above. |
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| 25 | |
Given these areas of the cerebral cortex:
1. Broca's area
2. premotor area
3. primary motor cortex
4. Wernicke's area
If a person hears and understands a word and then says the word out loud, in what order are the areas used? |
| | A) | 1,4,2,3 |
| | B) | 1,4,3,2 |
| | C) | 3,1,4,2 |
| | D) | 4,1,2,3 |
| | E) | 4,1,3,2 |
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| 26 | |
The main connection between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum is the |
| | A) | intermediate mass. |
| | B) | corpus callosum. |
| | C) | vermis. |
| | D) | unmyelinated nuclei. |
| | E) | thalamus. |
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| 27 | |
Which of these activities is mostly associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people? |
| | A) | sensory input from the left side of the body |
| | B) | mathematics and speech |
| | C) | spatial perception |
| | D) | recognition of faces |
| | E) | musical ability |
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| 28 | |
The limbic system is involved in the control of |
| | A) | sleep and wakefulness. |
| | B) | maintaining posture. |
| | C) | higher intellectual processes. |
| | D) | emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure. |
| | E) | hearing. |
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| 29 | |
Long-term memory involves |
| | A) | a change in the cytoskeleton of neurons. |
| | B) | movement of calcium into the neuron. |
| | C) | increase in glutamate release by presynaptic neurons. |
| | D) | specific protein synthesis. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 30 | |
Concerning long-term memory, |
| | A) | declarative (explicit) memory involves the development of skills, such as riding a bicycle. |
| | B) | procedural (implicit) memory involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, or places. |
| | C) | much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time. |
| | D) | declarative (explicit) memory is stored primarily in the cerebellum and premotor area of the cerebrum. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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