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| 1 | |
To relax after an anatomy and physiology examination, Mucho Gusto goes to a local bistro and drinks 2 quarts of low-sodium beer. What effect does this beer have on urine concentration and volume? Explain the mechanisms involved. |
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| 2 | |
A male eats a full bag of salty potato chips. What effect does this have on urine concentration and volume? Explain the mechanisms involved. |
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| 3 | |
During severe exertion in a hot environment, a person can lose up to 4 L of hypoosmotic (less concentrated than plasma) sweat per hour. What effect does this loss have on urine concentration and volume? Explain the mechanisms involved. |
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| 4 | |
Harry Macho is doing yard work one hot summer day and refuses to drink anything until he is finished. He then drinks glass after glass of plain water. Assume that he drinks enough water to replace all the water he lost as sweat. How does this much water affect urine concentration and volume? Explain the mechanisms involved. |
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| 5 | |
A patient has the following symptoms: slight increase in extra cellular fluid volume, large decrease in plasma sodium concentration, very concentrated urine, and cardiac fibrillation. An imbalance of what hormone is responsible for these symptoms? Are the symptoms caused by over secretion or under secretion of the hormone? |
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| 6 | |
Propose as many ways as you can to decrease the GFR. |
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| 7 | |
Design a kidney that can produce hypoosmotic urine, which is less concentrated than plasma, or hyperosmotic urine, which is more concentrated than plasma, by the active transport of water instead of Na+. Assume that the anatomic structure of the kidney is the same as that in humans. Feel free to change anything else you choose. |
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| 8 | |
If only a very small amount of urea were present in the interstitial fluid of the kidney instead of its normal concentration, how would it affect the kidney's ability to concentrate urine? |
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| 9 | |
It is well known that some patients with hypertension are kept on a low-salt (low-sodium) diet. Propose an explanation for this therapy. |
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| 10 | |
In studies of mammalian kidney function, it is known that animals with kidneys having relatively thicker medullas have a greater ability to conserve water. Explain why this is so. |
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| 11 | |
Prednisone is a steroid that reduces inflammation and is prescribed to treat conditions such as autoimmune diseases. It has some aldosterone-like effect on the kidney. Predict the effect of this treatment on blood pressure, blood volume, and edema. Explain. |
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| 12 | |
Addison's disease is a consequence of degeneration of the adrenal cortex. Predict the effect of this condition on blood pressure, blood volume, and urine volume. Explain. |
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