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| 1 | |
Which of these is not a general function of the kidneys? |
| | A) | regulation of blood volume |
| | B) | regulation of solute concentration in the blood |
| | C) | regulation of the pH of the extracellular fluid |
| | D) | regulation of vitamin A synthesis |
| | E) | regulation of red blood cell synthesis |
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| 2 | |
The cortex of the kidney contains the |
| | A) | hilus. |
| | B) | glomeruli. |
| | C) | perirenal fat. |
| | D) | renal pyramids. |
| | E) | renal pelvis. |
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| 3 | |
A layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney is the |
| | A) | hilum. |
| | B) | renal pelvis. |
| | C) | renal sinus. |
| | D) | renal capsule. |
| | E) | perirenal fat. |
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| 4 | |
Given these structures:
1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. renal papilla
4. renal pelvis
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in order as urine leaves the collecting duct and travels to the ureter. |
| | A) | 1,4,2,3 |
| | B) | 2,3,1,4 |
| | C) | 3,2,1,4 |
| | D) | 4,1,3,2 |
| | E) | 4,3,2,1 |
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| 5 | |
Which of these structures contains blood? |
| | A) | glomerulus |
| | B) | vasa recta |
| | C) | distal tubule |
| | D) | Bowman's capsule |
| | E) | both a and b |
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| 6 | |
Given these vessels:
1. arcuate artery
2. interlobar artery
3. segmental artery
A red blood cell has just passed through the renal artery. Choose the path the red blood cell must take to reach the interlobular artery. |
| | A) | 1,2,3 |
| | B) | 2,1,3 |
| | C) | 2,3,1 |
| | D) | 3,1,2 |
| | E) | 3,2,1 |
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| 7 | |
The juxtaglomerular cells of the _____________ and the macula densa cells of the _____________ form the juxtaglomerular apparatus. |
| | A) | afferent arteriole, proximal tubule |
| | B) | afferent arteriole, distal tubule |
| | C) | efferent arteriole, proximal tubule |
| | D) | efferent arteriole, distal tubule |
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| 8 | |
Given these blood vessels:
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
3. glomerulus
4. peritubular capillaries
Choose the correct order as blood passes from an interlobular artery to an interlobular vein. |
| | A) | 1,2,3,4 |
| | B) | 1,3,2,4 |
| | C) | 2,1,4,3 |
| | D) | 3,2,4,1 |
| | E) | 4,3,1,2 |
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| 9 | |
The urinary bladder |
| | A) | is made up of skeletal muscle. |
| | B) | is lined by simple columnar epithelium. |
| | C) | is connected to the outside of the body by the ureter. |
| | D) | is located in the pelvic cavity. |
| | E) | has two urethras and one ureter attached to it. |
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| 10 | |
Kidney function is accomplished by which of these means? |
| | A) | filtration |
| | B) | secretion |
| | C) | reabsorption |
| | D) | both a and b |
| | E) | all of the above |
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| 11 | |
The amount of plasma that enters Bowman's capsule per minute is the |
| | A) | glomerular filtration rate. |
| | B) | renal plasma flow. |
| | C) | renal fraction. |
| | D) | renal blood flow. |
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| 12 | |
Given these structures:
1. basement membrane
2. fenestra
3. filtration slit
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order a molecule of glucose encounters them as the glucose passes through the filtration membrane to enter Bowman's capsule. |
| | A) | 1,2,3 |
| | B) | 2,1,3 |
| | C) | 2,3,1 |
| | D) | 3,1,2 |
| | E) | 3,2,1 |
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| 13 | |
If the glomerular capillary pressure is 40 mm Hg, the capsule pressure is 10 mm Hg, and the blood colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus is 30 mm Hg, the filtration pressure is |
| | A) | – 20 mm Hg. |
| | B) | 0 mm Hg. |
| | C) | 20 mm Hg. |
| | D) | 60 mm Hg. |
| | E) | 80 mm Hg. |
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| 14 | |
Which of these conditions reduces filtration pressure in the glomerulus? |
| | A) | elevated blood pressure |
| | B) | constriction of the afferent arterioles |
| | C) | decreased plasma protein in the glomerulus |
| | D) | dilation of the afferent arterioles |
| | E) | decreased capsule pressure |
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| 15 | |
Glucose usually is completely reabsorbed from the filtrate by the time the filtrate has reached |
| | A) | the end of the proximal tubule. |
| | B) | the tip of the loop of Henle. |
| | C) | the end of the distal tubule. |
| | D) | the end of the collecting duct. |
| | E) | Bowman's capsule. |
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| 16 | |
The greatest volume of water is reabsorbed from the nephron by the |
| | A) | proximal tubule. |
| | B) | loop of Henle. |
| | C) | distal tubule. |
| | D) | collecting duct. |
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| 17 | |
Water leaves the nephron by |
| | A) | active transport. |
| | B) | filtration into the capillary network. |
| | C) | osmosis. |
| | D) | facilitated diffusion. |
| | E) | cotransport. |
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| 18 | |
Potassium ions enter the _____________ by _____________. |
| | A) | proximal tubule, diffusion |
| | B) | proximal tubule, active transport |
| | C) | distal tubule, diffusion |
| | D) | distal tubule, counter transport |
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| 19 | |
Reabsorption of most solute molecules from the proximal tubule is linked to the primary active transport of Na+ |
| | A) | across the apical membrane and out of the cell. |
| | B) | across the apical membrane and into the cell. |
| | C) | across the basal membrane and out of the cell. |
| | D) | across the basal membrane and into the cell. |
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| 20 | |
Which of these ions is used to cotransport amino acids, glucose, and other solutes through the apical membrane of nephron epithelial cells? |
| | A) | K+ |
| | B) | Na+ |
| | C) | Cl- |
| | D) | Ca2+ |
| | E) | Mg2+ |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following contribute to the formation of a hyperosmotic environment in the medulla of the kidney? |
| | A) | effects of ADH on water permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
| | B) | impermeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to water |
| | C) | cotransport of Na+, K+, and Cl- out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
| | D) | both a and c |
| | E) | both b and c |
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| 22 | |
At which of these sites is the osmolality lowest (lowest concentration)? |
| | A) | glomerular capillary |
| | B) | proximal tubule |
| | C) | bottom of the loop of Henle |
| | D) | initial section of the distal tubule |
| | E) | collecting duct |
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| 23 | |
Increased aldosterone causes |
| | A) | increased reabsorption of Na+. |
| | B) | decreased blood volume. |
| | C) | decreased reabsorption of Cl-. |
| | D) | increased permeability of the distal tubule to water. |
| | E) | increased volume of urine. |
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| 24 | |
Juxtaglomerular cells are involved in the secretion of |
| | A) | ADH. |
| | B) | angiotensin. |
| | C) | aldosterone. |
| | D) | renin. |
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| 25 | |
ADH governs the |
| | A) | Na+ pump of the proximal tubules. |
| | B) | water permeability of the loop of Henle. |
| | C) | Na+ pump of the vasa recta. |
| | D) | water permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts. |
| | E) | Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule. |
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| 26 | |
A decrease in blood osmolality results in which of these? |
| | A) | increased ADH secretion |
| | B) | increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water |
| | C) | decreased urine osmolality |
| | D) | decreased urine output |
| | E) | all of the above |
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| 27 | |
Angiotensin II |
| | A) | causes vasoconstriction. |
| | B) | stimulates aldosterone secretion. |
| | C) | stimulates ADH secretion. |
| | D) | increases the sensation of thirst. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 28 | |
If blood pressure increases by 50 mm Hg, |
| | A) | the afferent arterioles constrict. |
| | B) | glomerular capillary pressure increases by 50 mm Hg. |
| | C) | glomerular filtration rate increases dramatically. |
| | D) | efferent arterioles constrict. |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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| 29 | |
The amount of a substance that passes through the filtration membrane into the nephrons per minute is the |
| | A) | renal plasma flow. |
| | B) | tubular load. |
| | C) | plasma clearance. |
| | D) | tubular maximum. |
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| 30 | |
Given these events:
1. loss of voluntary control of urination
2. loss of the sensation or desire to urinate
3. loss of reflex emptying of the urinary bladder
Which of these events occurs following transection of the spinal cord at level L5? |
| | A) | 1 |
| | B) | 2 |
| | C) | 1,2 |
| | D) | 2,3 |
| | E) | 1,2,3 |
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