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| 1 | |
Which of the following is NOT true regarding infant nutrition? |
| | A) | Infants need more than twice the calories per pound that an adult needs. |
| | B) | Infants need good nutrition to help develop good brains. |
| | C) | Conditions of poverty don't contribute to the development of eating problems. |
| | D) | Infants rely on caregivers to provide a healthy diet. |
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| 2 | |
Women with AIDS or other infectious disease who are breast-feeding |
| | A) | should breast-feed as long as they are on medication. |
| | B) | should not breast-feed their infant. |
| | C) | should only breast-feed the first two weeks when the baby's immunity is high. |
| | D) | don't need to worry because these diseases cannot be passed down through breast milk. |
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| 3 | |
Emma is almost 1 years old. She is most probably |
| | A) | still being fed exclusively breast milk. |
| | B) | eating adult like food. |
| | C) | eating small pieces of food. |
| | D) | moved from breast milk to formula. |
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| 4 | |
Myelin allows for |
| | A) | the reception of electrochemical signals. |
| | B) | information to travel quickly across the brain. |
| | C) | the transmission of electrochemical signals. |
| | D) | communication between neighboring neurons. |
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| 5 | |
The ________ can be compared to a ferry. In terms of neuronal communication, it ferries information from one side of a river to the other. |
| | A) | myelin sheath |
| | B) | axon terminal |
| | C) | synapse |
| | D) | dendrite |
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| 6 | |
Louise visits Dr. Hendricks because she has been having headaches. He performs a test where he places electrodes on Louise's scalp to measure neuron activity in her brain. What type of test did she have? |
| | A) | electroencephalogram (EEG) |
| | B) | computed tomography (CT) |
| | C) | positron emission tomography (PET) |
| | D) | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| 7 | |
Research on the brain indicates |
| | A) | the warmer and more supportive the baby's environment, the more connections in the brain the baby makes relating to emotions and relationships. |
| | B) | that the brain is done developing at birth. |
| | C) | that all myelinization is finished at birth. |
| | D) | that the environment has minimal effect on brain development. |
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| 8 | |
Samuel is an 11-month-old infant. He should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | pull self to stand |
| | B) | walk using furniture for support. |
| | C) | stand alone easily. |
| | D) | walk alone easily. |
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| 9 | |
Adelaide is a 7-month-old infant. She should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | walk using furniture for support. |
| | B) | pull herself upright to stand. |
| | C) | stand with support. |
| | D) | sit with support. |
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| 10 | |
Tristan is a 5-month-old infant. He should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT |
| | A) | support some weight with legs. |
| | B) | roll over. |
| | C) | pull himself upright to stand. |
| | D) | sit with support. |
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| 11 | |
A condition that occurs when an infant does not grow at the expected rate is |
| | A) | sudden infant disease syndrome. |
| | B) | failure to thrive. |
| | C) | respiratory distress syndrome. |
| | D) | slow to grow up syndrome. |
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| 12 | |
Katharina has a gastrointestinal problem that is making it difficult for her to physically develop at the same weight as other babies the same age. Doctors call this |
| | A) | nonorganic failure to thrive. |
| | B) | organic failure to thrive. |
| | C) | respiratory distress syndrome. |
| | D) | slow to grow up syndrome. |
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| 13 | |
Infants spend approximately ________ of their sleep time in REM sleep. |
| | A) | 40% |
| | B) | 60% |
| | C) | 80% |
| | D) | 100% |
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| 14 | |
Interestingly, research indicates that brain imaging reveals that REM sleep in infants is similar to brain imaging |
| | A) | in all other stages of infant sleep. |
| | B) | in other mammalian babies. |
| | C) | in primates. |
| | D) | when infants are awake. |
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| 15 | |
Alessandro sleeps in the same bed as his parents and was potty trained quite early. This indicates that ________ has a significant effect on both sleep habits and potty training time. |
| | A) | culture |
| | B) | parents |
| | C) | attachment |
| | D) | temperament |
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| 16 | |
The receiving and interpreting of information from stimuli is what psychologists call |
| | A) | sensation. |
| | B) | perception. |
| | C) | habituation. |
| | D) | the appearance reality distinction. |
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| 17 | |
Ethan is eating dinner in his high chair and he splashes his hand in some milk that spilled on his tray. He does this several times and seems fascinated by it. Then when his older brother does it he doesn't seem interested at all. Psychologists would say |
| | A) | he has become habituated to the splashing. |
| | B) | he has become dishabituated to the splashing. |
| | C) | he is using egocentric thinking. |
| | D) | he is failing the A but not B task. |
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| 18 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the stimuli infants prefer to look at? |
| | A) | faces |
| | B) | pastel colors |
| | C) | black, white and red colors |
| | D) | checkerboard, striped and other patterned toys |
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| 19 | |
When Cosette has had a bad day, her 18-month-old son, Marius, brings her his favorite teddy bear. This demonstrates |
| | A) | circular reactions. |
| | B) | tertiary reactions. |
| | C) | egocentric thinking. |
| | D) | the appearance reality distinction problem. |
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| 20 | |
Jean is a 3 months old who is sucking on his thumb. Piaget would argue that this is due to the rooting reflex. When the thumb accidentally comes into contact with the mouth, sucking occurs. Jean then attempted to recreate this by coordinating arm and thumb to mouth. This is called a |
| | A) | tertiary circular reaction. |
| | B) | secondary circular reaction. |
| | C) | primary circular reaction. |
| | D) | coordination of secondary circular reactions. |
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| 21 | |
Madeline likes to lie in her crib, kick the mobile, and watch it spin. This repetitive behavior is NOT based on reflexes, but on an adaptation of new behaviors. It is what Piaget called |
| | A) | tertiary circular reaction. |
| | B) | secondary circular reaction. |
| | C) | primary circular reaction. |
| | D) | coordination of secondary circular reactions. |
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| 22 | |
Myriel is reaching for a toy but her father's hand is blocking it. She bats his hand aside to get it. This combination of actions is what Piaget would call |
| | A) | tertiary circular reaction. |
| | B) | secondary circular reaction. |
| | C) | primary circular reaction. |
| | D) | coordination of secondary circular reactions. |
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| 23 | |
Some researchers have criticized Piaget for |
| | A) | underestimating the specific age children can do things. |
| | B) | overestimating children's language ability. |
| | C) | putting too much emphasis on socialization in cognitive development. |
| | D) | arguing that children are passive in development. |
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| 24 | |
Infantile amnesia is |
| | A) | the infant's inability to use memory. |
| | B) | the infant's inability to remember things from his or her first several years of life. |
| | C) | the inability of the infant's neurons to connect memories. |
| | D) | not supported by research. |
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| 25 | |
Jared is sitting at the table and coloring. He says, "Now, I use the blue crayon to color the sky," as he picks up a blue crayon. Vygotsky would argue this demonstrates he is at the ________ stage of language development |
| | A) | preintellectual speech |
| | B) | egocentric speech |
| | C) | naïve psychology |
| | D) | inner speech |
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| 26 | |
Aaliyah walks around the room pointing at things like the cat and saying the word "cat". Vygotsky would argue this demonstrates she is at the ________ stage of language development |
| | A) | preintellectual speech |
| | B) | egocentric speech |
| | C) | naïve psychology |
| | D) | inner speech |
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| 27 | |
Jackson and Sebastian are sitting next to each other. Both of them are talking but not at each other. Their speech is not meant to provide information or to communicate. Vygotsky would argue this demonstrates they are at the ________ stage of language development |
| | A) | preintellectual speech |
| | B) | egocentric speech |
| | C) | naïve psychology |
| | D) | inner speech |
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| 28 | |
Xavier is cooing and babbling in his playpen. Vygotsky would argue this demonstrates he is at the ________ stage of language development |
| | A) | preintellectual speech |
| | B) | egocentric speech |
| | C) | naïve psychology |
| | D) | inner speech |
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| 29 | |
Even though Luke has never heard a word before, he can understand its meaning based on the context he hears it in. This ability to extrapolate meaning is called |
| | A) | preintellectual speech. |
| | B) | naïve psychology. |
| | C) | fast mapping. |
| | D) | pragmatics. |
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| 30 | |
Little Pedro speaks Spanish at home, so he says house white; Little Miguel speaks English at home, so he says white house. This demonstrates differences in |
| | A) | phonology. |
| | B) | semantics. |
| | C) | syntax. |
| | D) | pragmatics. |
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| 31 | |
Cameron walks around saying, "Ba ba ba ba." This demonstrates |
| | A) | phonology. |
| | B) | semantics. |
| | C) | syntax. |
| | D) | pragmatics. |
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| 32 | |
Joaquin often fights with his sister Valentina. This constant bickering and arguing makes their father, Agustin, quite mad. He yells at them all the time. Because of sibling fighting, Agustin's relationship with both of his children is not as good as he would like. The children's relationship with their father is not as strong as they would like. Psychologists refer to this as |
| | A) | reciprocal determinism. |
| | B) | affective determinism. |
| | C) | a reciprocal interaction. |
| | D) | animism. |
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| 33 | |
Based on the way she was raised, Ayushi has a strong opinion about what it means to be a parent. She puts a lot of pressure on herself to behave in a manner consistent with those ideas. This indicates the power that ________ has on parenting. |
| | A) | egocentrism |
| | B) | attachment |
| | C) | temperament |
| | D) | a role |
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| 34 | |
When Andre laughs and smiles at his grandma, she picks him up and hugs him. As a result, he laughs and smiles more and his grandma holds him more often. This is called |
| | A) | reciprocal determinism. |
| | B) | affective determinism. |
| | C) | a reciprocal interaction. |
| | D) | animism. |
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| 35 | |
Jo-Lin is from China and rarely expresses anger; Melanie is from the United States and feels comfortable expressing her anger. Research indicates this pattern is most likely due to the effect ________ has on emotional expression. |
| | A) | culture |
| | B) | parents |
| | C) | attachment |
| | D) | temperament |
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| 36 | |
One of the first signs of emotion is |
| | A) | crying. |
| | B) | smiling. |
| | C) | laughing. |
| | D) | cooing and babbling. |
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| 37 | |
By the ________ week, the beginnings of the true social smile appear in infants, especially in response to the human face. |
| | A) | third |
| | B) | sixth |
| | C) | ninth |
| | D) | twelfth |
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| 38 | |
Babies smile instinctively at |
| | A) | faces. |
| | B) | pictures. |
| | C) | animals. |
| | D) | nothing. |
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| 39 | |
Emotional development seems to move from the ________ to the ________ as we age. |
| | A) | external; internal |
| | B) | specific; general |
| | C) | general; specific |
| | D) | internal; external |
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| 40 | |
When they are out in the park, Darien feels comfortable as long as his mother is around. Periodically, he makes sure she is still there and comes to say hello. Otherwise, he explores independently. Ainsworth would describe him as |
| | A) | securely attached. |
| | B) | avoidantly attached. |
| | C) | ambivalently attached. |
| | D) | a disorganized/disoriented child. |
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| 41 | |
Once when Adele and her mom were at the mall, she got lost. The security guard found Adele almost immediately and was surprised that she didn't really cry or seem all that upset. Upon reunion, Adele didn't seem to want hugs from her mom. Ainsworth would describe her as |
| | A) | securely attached. |
| | B) | avoidantly attached. |
| | C) | ambivalently attached. |
| | D) | a disorganized/disoriented child. |
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| 42 | |
Once while in the store with his mom, Abhijit briefly lost sight of her in the produce section. He became intensely distressed by this brief separation. Upon reunion he didn't seem to be overjoyed to see her. Ainsworth would describe him as |
| | A) | securely attached. |
| | B) | avoidantly attached. |
| | C) | ambivalently attached. |
| | D) | a disorganized/disoriented child. |
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| 43 | |
At school one day, Cian was picked up by his mom, whom the substitute teacher had never met. Cian didn't seem to be excited to see her and acted as though she was any other person coming into the classroom. Based on Cian's response, the teacher asked for ID from Cian's mother. Ainsworth would describe him as |
| | A) | securely attached. |
| | B) | avoidantly attached. |
| | C) | ambivalently attached. |
| | D) | a disorganized/disoriented child. |
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| 44 | |
Valeria is a baby who can be passed from person to person easily. She is regular in her sleep and eating habits and generally seems open to new people and places. Thomas and Chess would categorize Valeria as being |
| | A) | easy. |
| | B) | difficult. |
| | C) | slow to warm up. |
| | D) | undifferentiated. |
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| 45 | |
Rayan cries loudly and often is irregular in his sleep and eating patterns. He strongly dislikes new people or unfamiliar situations. Thomas and Chess would categorize Rayan as being |
| | A) | easy. |
| | B) | difficult. |
| | C) | slow to warm up. |
| | D) | undifferentiated. |
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| 46 | |
When Inez goes with her mom to work and meets new people, she is uncomfortable. She won't let them hold her without a fuss. She also seems grumpy fairly often. Thomas and Chess would categorize Ines as being |
| | A) | easy. |
| | B) | difficult. |
| | C) | slow to warm up. |
| | D) | undifferentiated. |
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| 47 | |
Anthony is a difficult baby. He cries a lot and is fussy. He lives in a very bad neighborhood that is loud. His mother is very busy. In this case, being difficult may be beneficial for Anthony, since he is more likely to get attention by being difficult than he would if he was an easy baby that was quiet all the time. Anthony is displaying |
| | A) | ethological approaches. |
| | B) | goodness of fit. |
| | C) | good enough parenting. |
| | D) | personality. |
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