| asthma | Lung disorder resulting in bronchial tubes filling with mucus and tightening.
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| attention deficit disorder | A disability related to inattention and lack of focus.
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| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A disability related to inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
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| autonomous morality | Piaget's term for moral development in children after age 11; actions must be thought of in terms of intentions and consequences.
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| battered child syndrome | A combination of physical and other signs that indicate a child's injuries result from physical abuse.
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| body mass index (BMI) | Measurement used to compare a person's height and weight to determine a healthy body weight.
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| bullying | The act of using verbal or physical means to intimidate or embarrass someone else.
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| child abuse | Infliction of injury to a child; commonly includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, or neglect.
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| competence | The ability to do something well.
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| concrete operational stage | Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, between the ages of 7 and 11 years, in which children's thinking is much more flexible than in early childhood.
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| decentration | The ability to focus on several features of an object or task.
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| decode | To pronounce words correctly using knowledge of letters and sounds.
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| developing readers | Readers who use letter sounds, words, illustrations, and their own knowledge to predict meaning.
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| elaboration | An association between two or more pieces of information that are not necessarily related.
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| emergent readers | Children who possess skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to formal reading.
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| ethics of care | Gilligan's perspective on moral thinking in which people view moral decisions in terms of relationships and responsibilities to others.
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| heteronomous morality | Piaget's term for moral development in children aged 4 to 7; they conceive of rules as unchangeable.
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| immanent justice | Piaget's term for a child's belief that broken rules will be punished immediately.
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| inclusion | A child with special needs is educated in the regular classroom.
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| independent readers | Competent, confident readers who use skills to derive meaning and enjoyment from reading.
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| individualized education plan (IEP) | A written document (similar to a contract) that details an educational plan for a child to succeed under the supervision and guidance from the family, teachers and professionals, and administrators.
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| intelligence | A person's problem-solving skills and use of everyday experiences to inform learning.
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) | Stern's concept of a child's intelligence, calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age, and multiplying by 100.
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| knowledge-acquisition components | Sternberg's term for intelligence components that help us learn how to solve problems in the first place.
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| learning disability | A neurological disorder that impacts the brain's functioning.
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| least restrictive environment: | A child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is similar to that of children who do not have disability.
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| mental age | Binet's measure of an individual's mental development compared to that of others.
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| metacomponents | Sternberg's term for intelligence components that help us plan, monitor, and evaluate our problem-solving strategies.
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| moral development | Thinking, feeling, and behaving based on rules and customs about how people interact with others.
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| No Child Left Behind Act | Federal legislation based on the notion that high standards and measurable goals improve individual educational outcomes; requires assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades.
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| non-stage theorists | Reading theorists who argue that reading develops naturally, as does language.
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| obesity | Based on BMI, greater than 85th percentile for sex and age.
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| performance components | Sternberg's term for intelligence components that help us execute the instructions of the metacomponents.
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| resilient children | Children who sustained some type of physiological or psychological trauma yet return to a normal developmental path.
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| self-concept | A person's evaluation of himself or herself.
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| self-esteem | One's personal sense of worth and value.
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| self-regulation | An individual's ability to initiate, terminate, delay, or modify thought, emotion, behavior, or action.
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| seriation | The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as length or weight.
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| stage theorists | Reading theorists who argue that reading occurs in distinct developmental stages.
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| stress | Anything that upsets a person's equilibrium—psychologically and physiologically.
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| theory of multiple intelligences | Gardner's theory that attributes eight types of intelligence to humans.
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| transitivity | The ability to understand relationships and combine them mentally to draw new conclusions.
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| triarchic theory of intelligence | Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of componential, experiential, and contextual parts.
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