Biology, Eighth Edition (Raven)

Chapter 19: Cellular Mechanisms of Development

Learning Outcomes

• In general terms, compare and contrast plant and animal developmental processes.
• Understand the stages of development, from cleavage to organogenesis, in a model vertebrate.
• Describe the stages of development in a representative insect from the influence of maternal genes to metamorphosis.
• Explain the stages of development in a typical plant from early divisions through morphogenesis.
• Know how cell movement and cadherins are involved in the developmental process.
• Understand the process of induction and the importance of cell-cell interactions.
• Explain the role of organizers in animal development.
• Define and compare determination, differentiation, and commitment.
• Explain the reversibility of determination using the cloned sheep Dolly as an example.
• Understand pattern formation in Drosophila and the involvement of positional labels and the syncytial blastoderm.
• Know the importance of homeotic genes.
• Know why programmed cell death is necessary and differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis.
• Describe the four model developmental systems and their representative specimen.
• Compare the four major theories of aging.