1 A) Chloroplasts are easily damaged through mutation, and therefore have very little changes in their genomes or morphology over time. B) All these algae evolved from fungi, which were progenitors to plants, and therefore they have similar features. Only green algae gave rise to plants, though. C) Multiple endosymbiosis events occurred: some of the descendants of the primary endosymbiotic event where a cyanobacterium was first taken up were themselves taken up in red and brown algae ancestors. D) Because they have small, circular DNA genomes, chloroplasts are particularly promiscuous and can move from organelle to organelle, and species to species. E) Horizontal gene transfer often occurs in organelles with their own DNA, leading to a homogenization of genomes such as we find in red, brown, and green algae. 2 A) Sporogenesis B) Gametogenesis C) Meiosis D) Fertilization E) Mitosis 3 A) Heterogametic B) Polyzygotic C) Heteromorphic alternation of generations D) Isomorphic alternation of generations E) Diploblastic body plan 4 A) They contain chlorophyll a. B) They use chlorophyll b. C) They have similar sequence in their rRNA sequences. D) Much of their DNA appears homologous. E) All of the above support a link between Charophytes and land plants. 5 A) They need a layer of water which extends from where they are released to their destination. B) They are closely related to many of the protista, most of which have flagella. C) They represent a lineage very close to members of the kingdom Animalia, which have sperm that move using flagella. D) In mosses, both sperm and egg can move toward each other using chemotaxis. E) All of the above points are valid with respect to moss reproduction. 6 A) It is seen in all modern plants. B) It allows for more differences between the haploid and diploid phases of the life cycle, as these are morphologically based on the spore they germinate from. C) One type of spore eventually gives rise to sperm only, while another gives rise only to oocytes. This increases the likelihood of outcrossing. D) All of the above are valid reasons for considering heterospory as an advanced character to increase genetic diversity. E) None of the above are valid arguments for heterospory as an advanced character. 7 A) They had to minimize the amount of UV radiation that they experienced due to their closer proximity to the sun. B) They had to develop alternative methods of fixing carbon dioxide because the dry air above the ground poses problems. C) By being taller, the plants become more conspicuous and therefore likely to be eaten by animals. D) Spores would be scattered too widely and the community would become too dispersed for effective interbreeding. E) Reproductive cells could no longer rely on flagella for transport of the male gametes because of the lack of water continuity from top to bottom of the plant. 8 A) The multicellular archegonium provided nutrition and protection of the embryo. B) The vascularization of leaves provided efficient distribution of nutrients, allowing embryo development to occur more efficiently than in nonvascular plants. C) Development of sori on fronds created protected surfaces that eventually gave rise to fruits and seeds. D) The male gamete in ferns does not require water to move, and so formed the basis for pollen structure, which can use air currents to move. E) Ferns rely on insect pollinators, a feature that the higher plants have enhanced over evolutionary time. 9 A) Dormancy B) Reduction of flagella C) Loss of flagella D) Use of a pollen tube E) Production of a seed coat 10 A) Cycads have sori on the top of their leaves; ferns have them on the bottom. B) If you find a flower on the plant, it must be a cycad as ferns don't flower. C) A cone containing seeds at the top of the plant would make it a cycad as ferns don't make cones or seeds. D) All of the above would be valid criteria to distinguish between them. E) None of the above would allow you to distinguish between them. 11 A) two embryos. B) two spores, which then undergo meiosis to make several embryos with different genotypes. C) two nucelli, which develop into megagametophytes. D) an embryo and a triploid endosperm. E) an abnormal, very large zygote which sometimes dies early in development.
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