| industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologists | Psychologists who study organizations and seek ways to improve the functioning and human benefits of business.
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| performance tests | Employee selection tests that resemble the actual manual performance required on a job.
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| job performance ratings | Ratings of the actual performance of employees in their jobs by supervisors.
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| assessment centers | Programs for the evaluation of employees that use simulated management tasks as their primary method of evaluation.
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| simulated management task | A contrived task requiring managerial skills that is given to candidates for management positions to evaluate their potential as managers.
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| in-basket exercise | A type of management simulation task in which the individual attempts to solve a problem that is typical of the ones that appear in a manager's "in-basket."
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| structuring | The activities of managers that organize and direct the work of employees.
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| participative management | The practice of involving employees at all levels in management decisions.
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| management by objectives | The strategy of giving employees specific goals but giving them considerable freedom in deciding how to reach those goals.
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| human factors engineering | The branch of industrial-organizational psychology interested in the design of machines to be operated by human beings.
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| environmental psychologists | Psychologists who study the effects of the environment on our behavior and mental processes, and the effects of our behavior on the environment.
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| educational psychology | The field in which principles of learning, cognition, and other aspects of psychology are applied to improve education.
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| school psychologists | Psychologists who aid schools by testing children to determine eligibility for placement in special education programs and who consult with teachers and parents.
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| mastery learning | The concept that children should never progress from one learning task to another until they have mastered the more basic one.
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| intelligent tutoring systems | An approach to learning in which computers provide tutoring to students.
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| Project Follow Through | A federally sponsored program designed to help educate economically disadvantaged children.
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| criterion-referenced testing | Testing designed to determine whether a child can meet the minimum standards of a specific educational objective.
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| mainstreaming | The practice of integrating children with special needs into regular classrooms.
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