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  1. Total Institutions

  2. Types of Prisons
    1. Maximum-security prisons
      1. for the most aggressive and incorrigible inmates
      2. emphasize custody and control
      3. physical features—walls, wire, and towers
      4. inside cell design; cell blocks
      5. designed to prevent escapes
      6. increasing use of technology
    2. Supermax prisons—high custody housing units
    3. Medium-security prisons
      1. less emphasis on physical control features than maximum-security
      2. outside cell design
      3. inmates are considered less dangerous and less likely to escape
    4. Minimum-security prisons
      1. for low-risk inmates
      2. few, if any, fences
      3. cottage-style housing
    5. Open institutions—prisons without walls
      1. farms, ranches, camps
      2. less costly to operate than traditional prisons


  3. Correctional Organization and Administration; early 20th Century
    1. Prison administration
      1. two primary systems for organizing prisons statewide (Department of Correction model)
      2. Commissioner, Director, or Secretary as top official of DOC
      3. Individual prisons headed by warden or superintendent
        1. job is to manage the prison
        2. deputy or assistant wardens
        3. various methods of selecting wardens
    2. Prison personnel
      1. professional staff—psychologists, physicians, chaplains, etc.
      2. custodial staff
      3. guards redefined as correctional officers
      4. negative stereotype of correctional officers
      5. difficult nature of correctional officer's job
      6. mechanisms for maintaining order
      7. different types of officers; different working styles


  4. Institutional Routines
    1. Prison facilities; many are old and overcrowded
    2. Classification
      1. evaluate incoming inmates; determine security and treatment needs
      2. past systems of classification
      3. reception and orientation units
      4. classification committee
      5. reception centers
      6. problems with classification
      7. classification process
      8. trends in classification
    3. Prison programs
      1. health and medical services
        1. wide range of services
        2. contract medical services
        3. inmate medical history—drugs, alcohol, poor diet
      2. religious programs
        1. long history in American prisons
        2. chaplain's role
        3. criticisms of religious programs
      3. education programs; academic and vocational; may reduce recidivism
      4. prison labor and industry
        1. inmates can develop skills, make money, have something to do
        2. not enough programs to meet the needs
        3. program examples
      5. clinical treatment programs
        1. education and training as rehabilitation
        2. counseling
        3. social casework
        4. psychological and psychiatric services
        5. group treatment programs
      6. drug abuse treatment; therapeutic community


  5. Prison Discipline
    1. Rules and regulations
    2. for safe and orderly operation of the prison
    3. to provide a routine
    4. "convict bogey"
    5. Contraband
    6. Rule violations


  6. Sex in Prison
    1. Same gender sex
      1. prisons as single sex institutions
      2. research in Delaware
      3. prostitution and forced sex
      4. sex in women's prisons
    2. Sexual assault
      1. homosexual rape
      2. rape and coerced sex in women's prisons
      3. abuses in Georgia
      4. homosexual rape as a power play
    3. Conjugal visitation
      1. long history in U.S., Europe, Latin America
      2. arguments for and against
      3. conjugal visitation and women's prisons
      4. the problem of AIDS
    4. Coeducational prisons
      1. men and women eat and work together, but live separately
      2. creates a more normal living environment
      3. can have negative outcomes; uncertain future


  7. The Inmate Social System; emphasis on custody and security
    1. Prisonization
      1. the prison community; norms and values
      2. Clemmer's research in the 1930s
      3. prisonization as criminalization
    2. Inmate code
      1. expression of inmate subculture
      2. serves to unify inmates against staff
    3. Sources and functions of the inmate social system
      1. deprivation or importation?
      2. mechanism for controlling inmate behavior
      3. inmate and staff accommodation


  8. Women in Prison
    1. Women's institutions
      1. women are about 7% of national inmate population
      2. 1873—first separate prison for women in U.S. (Indiana)
      3. variety of institutions
      4. few treatment programs; many emphasize "women's work"
    2. Women and children in prison
      1. new efforts to increase contact with children
      2. extended visits for children
      3. helps women adjust to prison and function better upon release
    3. The social order of women's prisons
      1. limited research
      2. characteristics of women inmates
      3. cottage system of housing
      4. compared to men's prisons; similarities and differences


  9. The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment
    1. Early attempts; Cambridge-Somerville Youth study
    2. Martinson Report
      1. evaluation of prison treatment programs
      2. "what works?"; confirmed earlier studies; media attention; criticism
    3. Obstacles to effective correctional treatment


  10. Summary





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