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Chapter Outline
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  1. Introduction

  2. The Emergence of Modern Police; mutual pledge, sheriff, constable
    1. Magistrates, Constables, Beadles, and Thief-Takers
      1. nightwatch
      2. thief-takers or thief-makers?
      3. magistrates; judicial officials
      4. parish constables; limited powers of arrest
      5. beadles; constables, assistants
      6. thief-takers; private detectives who apprehended thieves and retrieved stolen property
    2. Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners
      1. foundation for the first modern police force
      2. Henry Fielding followed by his brother, John
      3. 1763; short-lived effort to operate a civilian Horse Patrol
      4. 1804; a second, more successful Horse Patrol set up as England's first uniformed police
    3. Patrick Colquhoun and Sir Robert Peel
      1. resistance among the public toward a professional police force
      2. Colquhoun and the idea of a preventive police
      3. Peel and the London Metropolitan Police (1829)


  3. Law and Order in Early America
    1. Colonial period
      1. the use of the military
      2. constables
      3. nightwatch
    2. The Trans-Mississippi West
      1. settlers moved faster than organized law enforcement and courts
      2. the sheriff as the primary police officer in the West
      3. posse comitatus; able-bodied men of the county who could be called on for assistance by the sheriff
      4. territorial agencies, the Texas Rangers
      5. federal marshals
    3. Policing the Metropolis
      1. 1845; the first metropolitan police force in the United States (New York City)
      2. responding to increased population, growing levels of poverty, and increase in crime
      3. by 1860, several other cities had NYC-style departments


  4. Police Systems in the United States
    1. Thousands of independent police agencies representing all levels of government
      1. a single county may have several city police departments, sheriff's department, state police, federal agencies, private security, and special jurisdiction police
      2. jurisdiction; legal authority to enforce the law; geographic (within city, county, or state) and subject-matter (particular kinds of laws)
    2. Federal law enforcement agencies
      1. Department of Justice
        1. FBI
        2. DEA
        3. INS
        4. U.S. Marshals Service
      2. Department of Homeland Security
        1. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
        2. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
        3. Secret Service
        4. Coast Guard
      3. Treasury Department
        1. Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
      4. United States Postal Service
        1. Postal Inspection Service
      5. Other Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
        1. Federal Air Marshals
        2. Interpol
    3. State police agencies
      1. Texas Rangers, Massachusetts State Constables
      2. weaknesses of the sheriff system; growth of state police agencies
      3. the beginning of modern state police administration
      4. 1905; Pennsylvania State Constabulary; first modern state police force
      5. two models
        1. general police powers
        2. highway patrol
    4. County and municipal policing
      1. policing is primarily done by county and municipal agencies
      2. sheriff or elected official
        1. law enforcement
        2. court service
      3. conflict between sheriffs and city police
    5. Police in the private sector
      1. historical antecedents (forerunners)
      2. significant growth in the United States in the past 100 years
      3. the Pinkertons
      4. private policing today
      5. problems with private policing
    6. Volunteer police and the vigilante tradition
      1. vigilante justice; individuals or groups take the law into their own hands to establish law and order
      2. present throughout the history of the United States
      3. modern groups such as the Guardian Angels
      4. auxiliary police groups that work with the local police; usually citizen volunteers


  5. Summary





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