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Chapter Outline
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  1. The Functions of Police
    1. The role of police
      1. most police work involves peacekeeping as opposed to crime fighting (law enforcing)
      2. crime prevention and protection of the public; the importance of patrol
      3. additional tasks usually conducted out of public view
      4. about 20 percent of arrests each year are for Index crimes
      5. peacekeeping activities as precriminal activity
    2. The right to use force
      1. peacekeeping role, the legitimate right to use force in situations whose urgency requires it
      2. the right to use force in modern democratic society has been taken away from the citizen and given to the police.


  2. The Police Bureaucracy
    1. Police organized around the military model
    2. Division of labor, assignment of similar types of work to particular units (training, patrol, juvenile division, investigations, etc.), allows persons to do the same type of work on a regular basis
    3. Chain and units of command
      1. information flow up and down the organization
      2. each person knows to whom he/she is accountable
      3. use of military-style rank structure (captains, lieutenants, sergeants, etc.)
    4. Rules, regulation, and discipline
      1. handbooks, manuals, and other written rules covering conduct, administrative procedures, arrest, etc.
      2. conflict between proper conduct and making a lawful arrest
      3. rules can cover all possible situations
    5. Problems of enforcement
    6. Strategic leniency
      1. supervisors ignore many minor violations
      2. quasi-military punitive approach to rule enforcement
      3. military model may be inappropriate for policing


  3. The Organization of Policing
    1. Administrative components
      1. line services, patrol, investigation, traffic
      2. administrative services, training, planning, legal matters, etc., to support the line services
      3. auxiliary services, communications, record keeping, laboratory, etc., to assist the line services in performing the basic police functions
    2. Patrol, the backbone of policing
      1. variety of tasks
      2. functions of police patrol
        1. protect public safety
        2. enforce the law
        3. control traffic
        4. conduct criminal investigations
        5. quasi-judicial functions
      3. motorized versus foot patrols
      4. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
    3. Detective work
      1. duties and responsibilities
        1. identification, location, and apprehension of offenders
        2. collection and preservation of evidence
        3. location and interviewing of witnesses
        4. recovery and return of stolen property
      2. duties and organization vary by size of department-specialized investigative units
      3. effectiveness
      4. evaluation of detectives, clearance rates
    4. Specialized police units
      1. juvenile division or youth bureau
      2. decoys and blending
      3. web patrols
      4. SWAT
      5. sting operations


  4. Community Policing
    1. community responsiveness
    2. assignment of officers to a specific neighborhood
    3. importance of communication with residents of the community
    4. broken windows
    5. obstacles to community policing
    6. changeover to counterterrorism


  5. Women in Policing
    1. The emergence of women police
      1. early history
      2. Alice Stubbins Wells and the L.A.P.D.
    2. The equal opportunity movement for women in policing
      1. Civil Rights Act of 1964
      2. EEOA of 1972
      3. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
      4. Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
      5. Blake v. Los Angeles
    3. Current status of women in policing
      1. research supports women's ability to do police work well
      2. continuing problems of harassment and bias


  6. Police Discretion and Selective Law Enforcement
    1. Police officers as law interpreters
    2. Importance of police discretion, department and individual officer
    3. Selective enforcement of the law
    4. Situations requiring discretion
      1. questionable legislative intent
      2. limited police resources
      3. situational determinants
    5. Full enforcement of the law, impossible and undesirable
    6. Factors in the decision to arrest
      1. seriousness of the offense
      2. weapons involvement
      3. desires of complainant/witness
      4. attitude and character of offender
    7. Command discretion
      1. departmental objectives
      2. enforcement policies
      3. deployment of resources


  7. The Police Subculture
    1. Subculture as a smaller group within a larger group with different beliefs, values, and attitudes; the police subculture
    2. The police personality
      1. danger and authority; working personality
      2. police cynicism
    3. Sources of stress


  8. Summary





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