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  1. Police Corruption
    1. Background
      1. Work-related lawbreaking as a problem in every profession and occupation
      2. Wide-spread nature of police corruption
        1. Police Foundation study
        2. Knapp Commission
        3. Mollen Commission
      3. Policing provides many opportunities, temptations, and conditions for corruption.
      4. Police corruption defined
    2. Meals and services
      1. free or discount meals
      2. police presence, keeping officers in and around a business to deter crime
      3. coerced "freebies" as a low-grade form of corruption
    3. Kickbacks, fees for referrals, tow trucks, lawyers, etc.
    4. Opportunistic theft
    5. Planned theft and robbery
      1. direct involvement of police in predatory activities
      2. less likely to be tolerated by police departments than some other forms of corruption
    6. Shakedowns, a police officer accepts money from a citizen in exchange for not enforcing the law
    7. Protection of illegal goods and activities
    8. Case fixing
    9. Private security
      1. showing favoritism to some businesses or persons in providing police protections
      2. providing police protection to criminals
    10. Patronage, the use of one's official position to influence decision making


  2. Explanation of Police Corruption
    1. The society-at-large explanation; the slippery slope hypothesis
    2. The structural explanation
      1. "Everybody's doing it"
      2. Corruption viewed as a game in which everyone is out to get his/her share
    3. The rotten-apple explanation, a few bad officers in an otherwise honest department


  3. Police Violence
    1. A long history of police violence in the United States
      1. A common way of doing police business
      2. Public begins to demand accountability, 1960s
        1. criminal law revolution
        2. the Kerner Commission
    2. Police brutality
      1. research by Westley and others
      2. police brutality as a product of norms shared by police in general
      3. the working personality
      4. use of force as a lawful police tool
      5. the watchman style of policing, little training, undefined boundaries and expectations of police behavior
      6. Lindman's explanation
        1. police authority
        2. judgments of social value
        3. police decision making
      7. police authority
      8. judgments of social value
      9. police decision-making
    3. Deadly force
      1. common law rule permitting deadly force as a last resort
      2. Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
      3. Fyfe's distinction between extralegal violence and unnecessary violence
      4. over-representation of minorities as victims


  4. Controlling Police Misconduct
    1. Policing the police is difficult
    2. Legislative control
      1. overcriminalization of private conduct
      2. statutes providing a means for citizens to file lawsuits against police officers
    3. Civilian review boards
      1. Waskow's suggestions
      2. efforts in the 1960s to move from internal review to external review of police policy, conduct, and citizen complaints
      3. police resistance
    4. Police Control
      1. control of police misconduct from within the department
        1. preventive control
        2. punitive control
      2. history of internal affairs units
        1. "shoo-flies"
        2. late 1940s, Los Angeles, Chief Worton forms the Bureau of Internal Affairs
        3. disliked and distrusted by police and citizens
      3. police professionalism, brutality and corruption are incompetent policing


  5. Summary





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